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OECD Warns of Sharp Rise in Cyberbullying Across Europe

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Cyberbullying among adolescents has increased across every European country included in a new report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), raising concerns among researchers, educators and child-protection advocates. The findings, part of the OECD’s How’s Life for Children in the Digital Age? report, show that online harassment is now affecting young people in all 29 countries and regions surveyed, with wide disparities between nations.

The data, which covers children aged 11, 13 and 15, reveals rates ranging from 7.5 per cent in Spain to 27.1 per cent in Lithuania. The European average stands at 15.5 per cent. Alongside Lithuania, the countries with the highest levels include Latvia, Poland, England, Hungary, Estonia, Ireland, Scotland, Slovenia, Sweden, Wales, Finland and Denmark. Nations such as Portugal, Greece, France, Germany and Italy recorded lower-than-average levels.

Cyberbullying in the study refers to repeated or intentional harassment online, including hostile messages, posts designed to ridicule, or the sharing of unflattering or inappropriate images without consent. The OECD noted that online abuse often involves a power imbalance and is amplified by the reach of digital platforms.

Experts attribute national differences to a combination of technological access, cultural norms and institutional preparedness. James O’Higgins Norman, UNESCO Chair on Bullying and Cyberbullying at Dublin City University, said variations in smartphone use, internet penetration and dominant social media platforms influence how often young people are exposed to harmful interactions. He added that cultural attitudes toward conflict and aggression, as well as the quality of school-based prevention programmes, shape each country’s experience.

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Specialists from the European Antibullying Network pointed to digital literacy as a key factor. Countries that teach online safety as part of the school curriculum tend to see better outcomes. They also highlighted broader social and economic inequalities, noting that communities with fewer resources often struggle to support vulnerable children effectively.

The report shows that cyberbullying increased everywhere between the 2017–18 and 2021–22 survey periods. Denmark, Lithuania, Norway, Slovenia, Iceland and the Netherlands recorded jumps of more than five percentage points. The OECD average rose from 12.1 to 15.5 per cent. Researchers say the rise coincided with increased access to smartphones and longer daily screen time among adolescents.

Experts agree that the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the trend. With schools closed and socialising taking place online, young people spent more time on platforms where conflicts could quickly escalate. Digital environments that offer anonymity and instant communication can weaken empathy and accountability, making hostile behaviour more likely, O’Higgins Norman said. He added that some countries are now reporting signs of stabilisation as in-person schooling has resumed.

Girls are more likely than boys to report being cyberbullied in most countries. Across the OECD sample, the rate is 16.4 per cent for girls and 14.3 per cent for boys. Researchers link this gap to the nature of online interactions, as girls tend to engage more in social-media communication, where relational forms of aggression — such as exclusion or image-based harassment — are more common.

Family structure also plays a significant role. Adolescents living in one-parent households report a cyberbullying rate of 19.8 per cent, compared with 14.1 per cent among those living with two parents. Experts say single parents often face heavier time and financial pressures, reducing their capacity to supervise online activity. Young people in such households may also spend more time online for social connection, increasing exposure to risk.

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The OECD’s findings add to growing calls for more comprehensive national strategies, stronger digital-literacy education and support structures that reflect the realities of adolescent online life.

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Cyberattacks Intensify as Iran Conflict Spills Into Digital Domain

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State-linked and hacktivist groups have claimed a series of cyberattacks against the United States and Israel since the war with Iran began, marking a significant escalation in the digital dimension of the conflict.

One of the most notable incidents involved Stryker, which confirmed on March 11 that a cyberattack had disrupted its global network. According to reports, employees encountered the logo of Handala, an إيران-linked hacking group, on login pages across the company’s systems. The breach reportedly targeted the firm’s Microsoft-based infrastructure, though the full extent of the disruption remains unclear.

Handala has claimed responsibility for the attack, stating it exploited cloud management systems to remotely wipe large numbers of devices worldwide. The group said the operation was carried out in retaliation for a missile strike in Iran. Independent verification of these claims is still pending.

Cybersecurity analysts say the attack is part of a broader campaign by groups linked to Iran’s security apparatus. According to findings from CloudSek, organisations associated with the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps have targeted US critical infrastructure. These include CyberAv3ngers, APT33 and APT55, which are accused of attempting to infiltrate industrial systems such as power grids and water facilities.

Experts say some of these groups use simple methods, including default passwords, to access systems, while others deploy malware aimed at disrupting operations or gathering intelligence. Additional networks linked to Iran’s Ministry of Intelligence have also been active, targeting telecommunications, energy companies and government organisations.

At the same time, the United States and Israel are conducting their own cyber operations. General Dan Caine said US Cyber Command played a key role early in the conflict, disrupting Iranian communications and sensor networks. Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth confirmed that artificial intelligence and cyber tools are being used alongside conventional military operations.

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Israeli intelligence has also reportedly relied on hacked data to support military planning, highlighting the growing role of cyber capabilities in modern warfare.

Hacktivist activity has surged as well. More than 60 groups formed a loose coalition known as the Cyber Islamic Resistance, coordinating attacks through online platforms. These groups have claimed hundreds of operations, including attempts to disrupt Israeli infrastructure and private sector systems. Analysts warn that such actors are often less restrained and may pose risks to civilian networks.

The conflict has also drawn in groups from outside the region, including actors based in Iraq, Russia and other parts of the Middle East. Some have targeted government websites and transport infrastructure, while pro-Israeli groups have carried out retaliatory attacks against Iranian entities.

Security experts say the growing scale and coordination of cyber operations reflect a shift in how modern conflicts are fought, with digital attacks now running parallel to military action on the ground.

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Study Finds Hormone-Disrupting Chemicals in Popular Headphones Sold Across Europe

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A new study has found that many headphones sold by major technology brands across the European Union contain chemicals that may interfere with hormone systems, raising concerns about potential long-term health risks for consumers.

The research examined 81 headphone models from more than 50 well-known brands, including Apple, Samsung, Sony and Sennheiser. According to the findings, every device tested contained at least small traces of substances such as bisphenols, phthalates and flame retardants.

The study was conducted by Arnika in cooperation with the ToxFree LIFE for All initiative.

Researchers said bisphenols are commonly used in a wide range of consumer goods, including food packaging, plastic bottles and electronic devices. The European Environment Agency has warned that the chemicals can disrupt hormone-regulating systems and may harm reproductive health.

Phthalates, another group of chemicals detected in the study, are typically added to plastics to increase flexibility and durability. They are often present in items such as cosmetics, fabrics and medical equipment. According to HBM4EU, exposure to certain phthalates has been linked to health problems including obesity, insulin resistance, asthma and attention disorders.

Scientists involved in the research analysed 180 plastic samples taken from both the hard and soft components of the headphones. The products tested included models designed for adults, children and gaming users, groups that often wear headsets for extended periods.

Although the researchers stressed that the headphones do not pose an immediate threat to human health, they warned that repeated exposure over long periods could create public health concerns because there is no clearly established safe level for these chemicals.

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Each product was graded based on potential chemical exposure. Models considered to have the lowest risk received a green rating, those that met legal standards but exceeded stricter voluntary limits were marked yellow, and products considered most concerning were labelled red.

About 44 percent of the headphones tested received a red rating. However, only around 11 percent of those models had harmful substances present in components that come into direct contact with the skin.

The highest level of bisphenols was detected in My First Care earbuds marketed for children and sold on platforms such as Amazon. The researchers did not publicly disclose the exact chemical concentration in the product.

Phthalates were most commonly found in wired headphones, usually in small quantities permitted under European regulations. However, one pair of children’s headphones sold by Temu contained phthalate levels nearly five times higher than the legal limit for children’s products.

Among the models tested, AirPods Pro (2nd generation) and JBL Tune 720BT received the safest ratings.

Following the study’s release, Dutch media reported that several online retailers, including Bol.com, Coolblue and MediaMarkt, stopped selling certain headphone models mentioned in the research. Manufacturers contacted about the findings did not immediately respond to requests for comment.

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China Approves First Commercial Brain Implant as Neuralink Plans Mass Production

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China has granted regulatory approval for the world’s first brain implant intended for commercial use, offering new hope for people with paralysis to regain hand movement. The device, developed by Neuracle Medical Technology, employs a brain-computer interface (BCI) that translates brain signals into physical actions.

BCIs link the nervous system to external devices, allowing users to control technology or prosthetics purely with thought. Neuracle’s system targets individuals whose paralysis stems from severe spinal cord injuries in the neck, which block signals from the brain from reaching the arms and hands.

The implant detects neural signals associated with the intent to move the hand. These signals are interpreted by software and transmitted to a robotic glove worn by the patient. The glove, powered by air-driven mechanisms, enables the hand to open and close, allowing users to grasp objects, according to CGTN.

Eligibility is limited to adults aged 18 to 60 who have experienced paralysis for at least one year and whose condition has remained stable for six months. The device is intended for patients unable to grip objects with their hands but who retain some movement in their upper arms.

China has been ramping up its investment in BCI technology, naming it a national strategic priority and highlighting it as a potential driver of future economic growth. Recent achievements include a successful implant by Shanghai NeuroXess, which allowed a 28-year-old man paralyzed for eight years to control digital devices with his thoughts within five days of receiving the implant.

The Neuracle approval comes as the race to commercialize BCIs intensifies worldwide. US entrepreneur Elon Musk, whose company Neuralink began human trials in 2024, recently announced plans to begin “high-volume production” of Neuralink devices in 2026.

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As of September 2025, 12 participants with severe paralysis had received Neuralink implants, enabling them to operate digital and physical tools with thought alone. Musk’s announcement signals the company’s intent to scale access to BCIs beyond initial trials, positioning both China and the US at the forefront of this emerging field.

The development highlights a significant milestone in neurotechnology, potentially transforming the lives of millions living with paralysis. By translating intent into motion, these devices promise to restore independence to those previously constrained by spinal injuries, while also underscoring the global momentum toward commercial BCI applications.

With China now officially approving a commercial implant and Neuralink preparing for mass production, the coming years could see rapid adoption of technologies that bridge the human mind and machine.

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