Smartphones and social media have become part of everyday life, but experts are increasingly examining what happens when digital habits become difficult to control. Behaviours such as doomscrolling, FOMO, nomophobia and problematic social media use are attracting growing attention as they begin to interfere with sleep, work, education, relationships and physical activity.

Not every person who spends hours online has an addiction. The key issue is whether someone can control their behaviour and whether excessive use causes significant problems in daily life.

Gaming disorder is currently the clearest example of a recognised digital condition. The World Health Organization includes it in the ICD-11 classification. It involves losing control over gaming, giving it greater priority than other activities and continuing to play despite harmful consequences. Symptoms generally need to persist for at least 12 months and cause substantial disruption to personal, social, educational or professional life.

Social media addiction is less clearly defined. It is not currently recognised as a separate ICD-11 diagnosis, but researchers often describe problematic social media use. Warning signs include repeatedly checking platforms, spending longer online than intended, becoming distressed when access is unavailable and neglecting other responsibilities.

A major WHO survey involving almost 280,000 adolescents aged 11, 13 and 15 across 44 countries and regions found that 11% showed signs of problematic social media use, up from 7% in 2018. The figure was 13% among girls and 9% among boys.

FOMO, or the fear of missing out, can also encourage repeated checking of messages, social networks and news. Researchers have linked FOMO with problematic online behaviour and difficulties managing emotions.

Doomscrolling describes repeatedly consuming negative news about wars, disasters, accidents and other crises. Although people may seek information to feel prepared, constant exposure to distressing material can increase anxiety and create a cycle of worry and further checking.

Nomophobia refers to anxiety associated with being without a mobile phone or losing access to digital connections. It is not an official medical diagnosis, but researchers are studying its relationship with FOMO, social media use and anxiety.

Other technology-related experiences include phantom vibration syndrome, where people believe their phone has vibrated when it has not, and sleep problems caused by late-night screen use.

The physical effects can also matter. Long periods on smartphones may contribute to inactivity, eye strain and neck or muscle discomfort.

Experts say the most important question is not simply how many hours someone spends on a phone. It is whether they can put it down and whether continued use is damaging other parts of their life.

When digital activity begins taking priority over sleep, work, study, relationships or physical activity, it may be time to reconsider how technology is being used.

Rescuers in Nepal and China’s Tibet region are searching through mud and debris as the number of people missing after a devastating glacial flood approached 3,000, while authorities warned of further flooding in areas where emergency teams are working.

Emergency crews have recovered 633 bodies so far, with some victims reportedly carried downstream as far as India. The disaster is the deadliest to hit Nepal since the 2015 earthquake, according to the US Geological Survey, which said a glacial collapse triggered the enormous flow of ice, water, mud and debris.

Nepal’s disaster authority has added 933 hydropower workers to its missing persons list, alongside trekkers and pilgrims travelling toward Tibet’s sacred Mount Kailash.

The scale of the disaster has left families searching desperately for relatives. Hospitals in Kathmandu have been crowded with people looking for missing loved ones, while photographs and names have been displayed on posters around the facilities.

The search has also been complicated by the risk of additional flooding. Huge lakes formed after debris blocked waterways, and one such body of water became a direct threat to rescuers.

Nepali police warned emergency workers to move immediately to safer locations after receiving reports that another water barrier had burst on the Tibetan side.

China temporarily halted rescue operations in the worst-hit Gyirong area on Friday because of renewed flooding concerns. Chinese state broadcaster CCTV later reported that the threat had eased after the water level of a debris-formed lake fell, allowing rescue operations to resume.

Chinese President Xi Jinping chaired a meeting on the disaster and offered China’s assistance to Nepal’s emergency response.

In Nepal, military teams have been working to rescue people trapped inside the Trishuli 3A hydropower project. Army spokesman Raja Ram Basnet said helicopters had been sent to the area, but locating the tunnel entrances was difficult because of extensive destruction.

Around 350 workers and residents had been brought to safety from the site, while efforts continued to reach more than 100 people still trapped.

Survivors described the flood as striking with extraordinary speed. Buddha Tamang, a worker at one of the dams along the Trishuli valley, said he survived because he was inside a tunnel when the water arrived. He said senior workers on the other side of the facility were swept away.

Aid has begun reaching some survivors, with makeshift army relief centres providing shelter and assistance. Children separated from their families are also being housed while authorities work to reunite them with relatives.

UNICEF said at least 17,000 children urgently need humanitarian assistance. Eighteen schools have been destroyed and another 20 damaged.

The International Red Cross estimates that at least 93,000 people have been affected and require significant assistance.

The European Union has pledged €2 million in emergency aid for Nepal. European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said the funding would help provide life-saving assistance to families and communities most severely affected.

With thousands still missing and unstable water bodies threatening rescue areas, authorities face a race against time to find survivors while preventing further loss of life.

Spain has asked the European Commission for additional support from EU agencies to help process migrants remaining in Ceuta after a mass influx into the North African enclave triggered growing tensions and protests.

Interior Minister Fernando Grande-Marlaska requested assistance from Frontex, Europol and the European Union Agency for Asylum to strengthen the screening and processing of migrants who remain in Ceuta irregularly.

Madrid has also asked for the extension of Operation Minerva, a joint Spanish police and Frontex initiative, until September 2. The Interior Ministry said the operation should continue while authorities deal with the situation created by the mass arrival of migrants.

Spain wants the EU asylum agency to assist with interviews and provide interpreters during the screening process. Because of limited space in Ceuta, officials expect some of the work to be carried out electronically.

The government also announced additional security measures for Ceuta’s border, including extensions to the Tarajal and Benzú breakwaters, a permanent maritime containment buoy system, drone surveillance, light intervention vessels and remotely operated underwater equipment.

The measures come as tensions have increased in the territory, which has a population of about 80,000 and covers only 18.5 square kilometres.

At least 72,000 migrants crossed into Ceuta from Morocco over several days in July, creating a major humanitarian and political challenge. The Spanish government says most have since left the enclave, but thousands remain, with some sleeping on beaches and staying in public areas.

Protests have intensified in recent days. Residents clashed with police on Thursday at a beach where migrants had been sleeping, and some migrant belongings were burned.

A soldier was also injured in a separate incident after migrants threw stones at troops. Twelve Moroccan migrants were arrested, while two additional arrests were made after an alleged attack on a police officer.

Grande-Marlaska appealed for calm and condemned violence from all sides.

“Violence is not the answer,” he told parliament, urging an end to confrontations as authorities attempt to manage the situation.

Ceuta’s Assembly has also called on the central government to act immediately, describing the situation as extreme and warning that the city was approaching a point of collapse.

Ceuta President Juan Vivas said the mass influx had disrupted the territory’s normal way of life and called for migrants who entered during the mass crossing and remain there to be returned to their countries in accordance with Spanish and international law.

The assembly also backed residents’ right to demonstrate peacefully while condemning violent incidents. Vivas said the city’s interests could only be defended through legal means.

Spain’s government has stressed that each migrant must be identified individually to determine whether they qualify for asylum or can legally be returned. Unaccompanied children are subject to additional protection requirements.

Right-wing and far-right parties have demanded the mass return of migrants, while Grande-Marlaska accused them of encouraging hostility and confrontation.

Ceuta and Melilla are Spain’s two territories in North Africa and represent the European Union’s only land borders with Africa, making migration there a particularly sensitive issue for Spain and the wider bloc.