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EU Divided Over Response to Trump’s Tariff Threats
While the European Union presents a united front against U.S. President Donald Trump’s newly announced tariffs on steel and aluminum, internal divisions are emerging over the best course of action. Some member states, led by France, are pushing for swift retaliatory measures, while others, including Germany, Italy, and Hungary, advocate for a more cautious approach focused on dialogue.
Trump’s Tariffs Spark Urgent EU Talks
Trump’s latest tariff decision, announced Monday, includes a 25% levy on imported steel and aluminum, citing national security concerns. The executive order, set to take effect on March 12, was followed by another announcement on Thursday: a plan for reciprocal tariffs on U.S. trading partners, to be determined on a country-by-country basis in the coming weeks.
In response, the European Commission vowed on Friday to react “firmly and immediately”, setting the stage for internal debate within the EU over how to proceed.
Hawks vs. Doves: A Divided Approach
Following an emergency video conference of EU trade ministers on Wednesday, the rift between hawks and doves became apparent.
- France, leading the hawkish camp, argues that strong and immediate retaliation is necessary to prevent excessive concessions to the U.S. “Every U.S. measure announced calls for an immediate response,” one official told Euronews.
- Germany, Italy, and Hungary, in contrast, prefer a more measured approach, advocating for continued negotiations with Washington rather than hastily imposing countermeasures. A diplomat from this group emphasized the importance of avoiding a tit-for-tat trade war.
Hungary, where Prime Minister Viktor Orbán maintains close ties with Trump, is pushing for no retaliatory action before March 12. Meanwhile, Italy insists on keeping diplomatic channels open before resorting to tariffs.
EU’s History of Retaliation and Future Strategy
The EU has previously responded to Trump-era tariffs. In 2018, the bloc countered U.S. duties on European steel (25%) and aluminum (10%) with €2.8 billion in tariffs on American goods. A temporary truce was brokered under President Joe Biden, but that agreement expires at the end of March 2024.
Since then, the EU has bolstered its trade defenses, introducing anti-coercion measures that allow restrictions on public procurement, services, and intellectual property rights in retaliation to trade threats.
Strengthening Global Trade Partnerships
Amid tensions with the U.S., the EU is working to expand its global trade network. Recent agreements include:
- A free trade deal with Mercosur nations (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay)
- A trade pact with Switzerland, finalized in December
- A renewed agreement with Mexico, completed in January
- Reopened negotiations with Malaysia
Later this month, all EU Commissioners will travel to India for talks on a strategic partnership, including discussions on trade cooperation.
Outlook: Trade Tensions or Compromise?
With Trump signaling broader trade policy changes, EU officials, including Trade Commissioner Maroš Šefčovič, have warned that the bloc must prepare for more than just steel and aluminum tariffs.
Following a meeting with Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, European Council President António Costa reinforced the EU’s preference for diplomacy, tweeting: “Trade agreements are better than trade tariffs.”
Whether the EU opts for immediate retaliation or ongoing negotiations, its ability to maintain a cohesive response will be crucial in shaping its economic future amid a shifting global trade landscape.
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EU Must End ‘Naivety’ on Trade and Confront China’s Industrial Strategy, Says French Minister
France’s Minister for Foreign Trade, Nicolas Forissier, has called on the European Union to abandon what he described as “naivety” in its approach to global trade, urging a tougher stance on countries accused of distorting markets through industrial policy and trade practices.
Speaking in an interview with Euronews’ 12 Minutes With programme, Forissier said Europe must respond more firmly to what he described as the weaponisation of trade dependencies, warning that China in particular could damage its own long-term interests by undermining European industry.
“The Chinese have to understand that they won’t win anything if they destroy the European industry and then the European market, which is an essential market for them,” he said. “We must no longer be naive.”
His comments come as the European Commission prepares to hold an “orientation debate” next week on how to respond to a surge of low-cost Chinese imports. The discussion is expected to shape possible new trade defence measures, with further talks likely when EU leaders meet in Brussels in mid-June.
Forissier said the shift in thinking was not limited to China alone but applied to any country using commercial leverage to gain strategic advantage. “It is not only China,” he said. “It is all the countries that weaponise trade.”
Among the proposals under consideration is a requirement for EU companies to diversify supply chains, sourcing components from at least three different suppliers in order to reduce dependency on any single foreign market. Asked whether he supported such a measure, Forissier replied: “Yes, we have to.”
Other options include targeted tariffs on sensitive industries such as chemicals, alongside stronger use of anti-dumping and anti-subsidy tools to counter imports priced below domestic market levels. These measures are designed to address concerns over overcapacity in China’s industrial sector and its impact on European manufacturers.
The debate is taking place against a backdrop of widening trade imbalances. EU goods imports from China exceeded exports by €359.3 billion in 2025, marking an increase of nearly 20% compared with the previous year.
China has already warned it could retaliate if the bloc imposes new restrictions, raising concerns about potential escalation in trade tensions between two of the world’s largest economies.
France has repeatedly pushed for a more assertive European trade policy, arguing that state subsidies, export controls on raw materials and industrial overproduction in major economies are distorting global markets.
Forissier stressed that Europe must maintain open dialogue with Beijing while defending its own industrial base. “We try to respect the Chinese,” he said. “The Chinese have to respect us, and this is the message European institutions have to send.”
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