Cyberbullying among adolescents has increased across every European country included in a new report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), raising concerns among researchers, educators and child-protection advocates. The findings, part of the OECD’s How’s Life for Children in the Digital Age? report, show that online harassment is now affecting young people in all 29 countries and regions surveyed, with wide disparities between nations.
The data, which covers children aged 11, 13 and 15, reveals rates ranging from 7.5 per cent in Spain to 27.1 per cent in Lithuania. The European average stands at 15.5 per cent. Alongside Lithuania, the countries with the highest levels include Latvia, Poland, England, Hungary, Estonia, Ireland, Scotland, Slovenia, Sweden, Wales, Finland and Denmark. Nations such as Portugal, Greece, France, Germany and Italy recorded lower-than-average levels.
Cyberbullying in the study refers to repeated or intentional harassment online, including hostile messages, posts designed to ridicule, or the sharing of unflattering or inappropriate images without consent. The OECD noted that online abuse often involves a power imbalance and is amplified by the reach of digital platforms.
Experts attribute national differences to a combination of technological access, cultural norms and institutional preparedness. James O’Higgins Norman, UNESCO Chair on Bullying and Cyberbullying at Dublin City University, said variations in smartphone use, internet penetration and dominant social media platforms influence how often young people are exposed to harmful interactions. He added that cultural attitudes toward conflict and aggression, as well as the quality of school-based prevention programmes, shape each country’s experience.
Specialists from the European Antibullying Network pointed to digital literacy as a key factor. Countries that teach online safety as part of the school curriculum tend to see better outcomes. They also highlighted broader social and economic inequalities, noting that communities with fewer resources often struggle to support vulnerable children effectively.
The report shows that cyberbullying increased everywhere between the 2017–18 and 2021–22 survey periods. Denmark, Lithuania, Norway, Slovenia, Iceland and the Netherlands recorded jumps of more than five percentage points. The OECD average rose from 12.1 to 15.5 per cent. Researchers say the rise coincided with increased access to smartphones and longer daily screen time among adolescents.
Experts agree that the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the trend. With schools closed and socialising taking place online, young people spent more time on platforms where conflicts could quickly escalate. Digital environments that offer anonymity and instant communication can weaken empathy and accountability, making hostile behaviour more likely, O’Higgins Norman said. He added that some countries are now reporting signs of stabilisation as in-person schooling has resumed.
Girls are more likely than boys to report being cyberbullied in most countries. Across the OECD sample, the rate is 16.4 per cent for girls and 14.3 per cent for boys. Researchers link this gap to the nature of online interactions, as girls tend to engage more in social-media communication, where relational forms of aggression — such as exclusion or image-based harassment — are more common.
Family structure also plays a significant role. Adolescents living in one-parent households report a cyberbullying rate of 19.8 per cent, compared with 14.1 per cent among those living with two parents. Experts say single parents often face heavier time and financial pressures, reducing their capacity to supervise online activity. Young people in such households may also spend more time online for social connection, increasing exposure to risk.
The OECD’s findings add to growing calls for more comprehensive national strategies, stronger digital-literacy education and support structures that reflect the realities of adolescent online life.