Tech
Google Reveals Energy and Water Use of AI Prompts in New Study
Google has disclosed new details about the environmental footprint of its artificial intelligence chatbot Gemini, saying each text prompt consumes only a fraction of energy and water compared with earlier public estimates.
According to a technical paper and accompanying blog post released by the company, a single text query on Gemini uses about 0.24 watt-hours (Wh) of energy — roughly equivalent to watching nine seconds of television. That consumption, Google says, translates to about 0.03 grams of carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, each query requires around 0.26 millilitres of water, or approximately five drops, largely used in cooling data centre equipment.
The company stressed that its measurements accounted not only for the power consumed by the chips running Gemini but also the energy used by IT equipment in data centres, idle chip power, and water for cooling systems. By including these factors, Google argued, its estimates provide a more accurate picture of environmental impact than many existing studies.
“Per-prompt emissions are quite small,” the blog post noted, adding that the company’s figures show energy and water usage to be “substantially lower than many public estimates.”
The announcement comes as concerns grow about the rising energy demands of advanced computing. The International Energy Agency (IEA) recently projected that electricity demand from data centres, AI, and cryptocurrency could double by 2030, with AI alone expected to consume up to 945 terawatt-hours annually — nearly equivalent to Japan’s current power use.
Comparisons between Gemini and other platforms highlight stark differences. A study by the Electric Power Research Institute estimated that a prompt issued to OpenAI’s ChatGPT consumes 2.9 Wh of energy, nearly ten times Google’s figure. By contrast, a traditional internet search requires about 0.3 Wh.
Despite these relatively low per-query figures, Google’s overall emissions have surged in recent years. Its latest environmental report showed emissions up 51 percent since 2019, driven largely by the production and assembly of hardware needed to support AI technology. The company acknowledged that upstream supply chain activities are contributing significantly to its carbon footprint.
At the same time, Google said efficiency improvements are underway. The company claims that since August 2024, energy use and carbon emissions per Gemini prompt have fallen 33-fold and 44-fold respectively, reflecting advances in hardware and software optimization.
However, analysts note that the company’s data leaves key questions unanswered. While per-query emissions are modest, Google has not disclosed the total number of Gemini prompts processed daily. Without those figures, the full scale of the chatbot’s energy demand remains unclear.
As AI adoption accelerates worldwide, the debate over its environmental costs is intensifying. Google’s new disclosures suggest progress in efficiency but also underscore the challenge of balancing technological innovation with sustainability.
Tech
Estonia’s AI Education Model Draws Attention as Europe Debates Digital Learning
As European governments weigh how to integrate artificial intelligence into classrooms and allocate funding for digital literacy, Estonia’s approach to AI education is gaining attention as a practical and structured model.
The Baltic nation’s AI Leap programme is designed not only to teach students how to use artificial intelligence tools but also to strengthen critical thinking and teacher involvement at a time when AI is becoming deeply embedded in everyday learning.
Concerns have grown across Europe that while students are increasingly comfortable using AI tools, many struggle to evaluate or question the information these systems generate. Educators and employers have raised concerns that overreliance on chatbots and automated tools could weaken analytical thinking and increase vulnerability to misinformation.
Estonia has chosen to address this challenge directly rather than attempting to limit student exposure to AI.
According to the AI Leap programme, between 64% and 90% of Estonian students were already using AI tools before the initiative began. Programme organisers argued that ignoring this reality could undermine learning and reasoning skills.
The initiative aims to train 48,000 students and 6,700 teachers over two years in a country with a population of just 1.36 million.
The programme has two primary goals: helping teachers adapt to AI-assisted education and encouraging students to develop responsible, thoughtful AI habits.
To support this effort, Estonia has introduced several key measures. Teachers participate in study circles that meet monthly to develop teaching methods and exchange experiences. A central online platform provides educational resources, videos, self-assessment tools and discussion forums.
More than 4,000 teachers are also receiving premium access to advanced AI platforms such as ChatGPT and Gemini to support lesson planning and classroom preparation.
One of the programme’s most distinctive features is a Socratic-style chatbot designed to guide students rather than provide direct answers. The chatbot encourages questioning, self-management and contextual thinking, helping students assess AI-generated information instead of accepting it automatically.
The programme also includes debate leagues, creative arts projects and student-led initiatives aimed at encouraging discussion and experimentation with AI beyond formal classroom settings.
Estonia has placed strong emphasis on management and implementation. School principals oversee local delivery, while nine regional managers coordinate activities across seven educational regions. The initiative operates through a public-private partnership, with the government providing half of the funding and private partners contributing the remainder.
Technology companies, educators and researchers are involved in designing and testing tools tailored to Estonia’s education system.
Education analysts say Estonia’s strategy highlights a broader lesson for Europe: AI literacy may depend less on limiting technology and more on teaching students how to use it thoughtfully, critically and responsibly.
Tech
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Tech
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