Tech
China Leads Global Robotics Market as Europe Struggles to Keep Pace
Chinese firms are dominating the global robotics market, with humanoid robots taking center stage at the Chinese New Year celebrations in Hangzhou earlier this year. Germany’s Chancellor Friedrich Merz witnessed a live display of robots dancing, performing backflips, and boxing during his visit in February. On his return, Merz remarked that Germany was “simply no longer productive enough,” highlighting concerns about Europe’s competitiveness in robotics.
Hangzhou-based Unitree has emerged as a leading innovator, with China accounting for 87 percent of all humanoid robots delivered in 2025. While Unitree shipped more than 4,000 units, it remains behind Agibot, which sold over 5,000 units, according to Forbes. Despite relatively modest sales—just over 13,000 robots worldwide last year—investors continue to pour capital into the sector. Barclays research in January 2026 estimated that the global humanoid robotics market, currently valued at $2–3 billion, could reach $200 billion by 2035.
European startups face significant challenges in competing with their Chinese and American counterparts. Rodion Shishkov, founder of London-based construction technology firm All3, said European companies have far less access to capital. “Here in Europe I have to fight—literally, fight—for tens of millions of euros of investment, while a similarly-positioned company in the United States can obtain billions,” he said. Shishkov noted that functional non-humanoid robots, like those his company develops for construction, often receive less attention and funding than flashy humanoid models, despite being more practical in many applications.
Andrei Danescu, CEO of autonomous robotics and AI logistics startup Dexory, warned that Merz’s trip to China risked framing robotics competition as a “beauty contest,” focused on humanoid appearance rather than solving real-world problems. Danescu pointed to collaborative arms on factory floors, autonomous logistics vehicles in warehouses, and surgical assistants as examples of robots already transforming industries in Europe.
China’s sustained investment spans hardware, software, manufacturing integration, and full supply chains, making it difficult for other regions to catch up. Danescu called on European regulators to accelerate policies, clarify liability frameworks, and provide public funding to support strategic growth. “The AI Act is a start, but robotics needs its own focused attention—policy, funding, strategy,” he said.
Safety remains a major hurdle for integrating robots into existing workflows. Sam Baker, a former industrial robotics engineer turned venture investor, said there is a lack of clear standards for deploying robots alongside humans in construction and manufacturing. Some companies, such as BMW, are experimenting with humanoid robots in production lines in Leipzig, Germany, to explore their potential without committing fully to large-scale deployment.
Baker said Europe cannot achieve full independence from Chinese hardware supply chains, but sees opportunities in software, intelligence, and experimentation. “It is an excellent time to build a robotics business in Europe. There’s a lot of white space to be filled on the intelligence and data side,” he said, highlighting the scope for innovation despite hardware constraints.
Tech
Estonia’s AI Education Model Draws Attention as Europe Debates Digital Learning
As European governments weigh how to integrate artificial intelligence into classrooms and allocate funding for digital literacy, Estonia’s approach to AI education is gaining attention as a practical and structured model.
The Baltic nation’s AI Leap programme is designed not only to teach students how to use artificial intelligence tools but also to strengthen critical thinking and teacher involvement at a time when AI is becoming deeply embedded in everyday learning.
Concerns have grown across Europe that while students are increasingly comfortable using AI tools, many struggle to evaluate or question the information these systems generate. Educators and employers have raised concerns that overreliance on chatbots and automated tools could weaken analytical thinking and increase vulnerability to misinformation.
Estonia has chosen to address this challenge directly rather than attempting to limit student exposure to AI.
According to the AI Leap programme, between 64% and 90% of Estonian students were already using AI tools before the initiative began. Programme organisers argued that ignoring this reality could undermine learning and reasoning skills.
The initiative aims to train 48,000 students and 6,700 teachers over two years in a country with a population of just 1.36 million.
The programme has two primary goals: helping teachers adapt to AI-assisted education and encouraging students to develop responsible, thoughtful AI habits.
To support this effort, Estonia has introduced several key measures. Teachers participate in study circles that meet monthly to develop teaching methods and exchange experiences. A central online platform provides educational resources, videos, self-assessment tools and discussion forums.
More than 4,000 teachers are also receiving premium access to advanced AI platforms such as ChatGPT and Gemini to support lesson planning and classroom preparation.
One of the programme’s most distinctive features is a Socratic-style chatbot designed to guide students rather than provide direct answers. The chatbot encourages questioning, self-management and contextual thinking, helping students assess AI-generated information instead of accepting it automatically.
The programme also includes debate leagues, creative arts projects and student-led initiatives aimed at encouraging discussion and experimentation with AI beyond formal classroom settings.
Estonia has placed strong emphasis on management and implementation. School principals oversee local delivery, while nine regional managers coordinate activities across seven educational regions. The initiative operates through a public-private partnership, with the government providing half of the funding and private partners contributing the remainder.
Technology companies, educators and researchers are involved in designing and testing tools tailored to Estonia’s education system.
Education analysts say Estonia’s strategy highlights a broader lesson for Europe: AI literacy may depend less on limiting technology and more on teaching students how to use it thoughtfully, critically and responsibly.
Tech
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Tech
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