The United States is shifting its military approach in Africa, signaling a departure from its traditional focus on promoting good governance and addressing the root causes of insurgency. Instead, Washington is now calling on its African partners to take greater responsibility for their own security, amid a broader strategic rebalancing under President Donald Trump.
The pivot was underscored during African Lion, the continent’s largest annual joint military exercise, where more than 40 nations participated in complex operations including drone missions, close-quarters combat drills, and precision rocket launches. The message from the top U.S. commander in Africa, General Michael Langley, was clear.
“We need to be able to get our partners to the level of independent operations,” Langley told the Associated Press at the conclusion of the four-week exercise. “There needs to be some burden sharing. We have our set priorities now—protecting the homeland.”
Langley noted that the U.S. Department of Defense is aligning with a new vision of a “leaner, more lethal force,” a strategy that may involve scaling back its military footprint across Africa.
The shift comes at a time of increasing geopolitical competition. China has intensified its military training efforts with African nations, while Russian mercenaries have expanded their presence in North, West, and Central Africa, stepping in as key security partners in regions historically tied to Western support.
In previous years, Langley championed a “whole-of-government” approach, highlighting success stories like Ivory Coast where integrated security and development efforts helped bolster stability. But he acknowledged that such outcomes remain the exception rather than the rule. “I’ve seen progression, and I’ve seen regression,” said Langley, who is expected to retire later this year.
Despite the evolving strategy, U.S. officials recognize that terrorist threats across the continent remain acute. A senior defense official, speaking anonymously, said Africa is now viewed as the “epicentre” for al-Qaeda and Islamic State (IS) activity, with key IS leadership reportedly relocated to the region.
The U.S. maintains around 6,500 personnel across Africa and continues to invest heavily in counterterrorism operations, including airstrikes against al-Shabaab and IS militants in Somalia. However, Langley admitted the Somali National Army remains under-equipped to maintain long-term security.
Security analysts also warn that many African militaries still lack the capacity to confront insurgent threats effectively. “Many of them do not have strong air forces and are not able to monitor the movement of militants, especially in remote areas,” said Beverly Ochieng of Control Risks.
According to the Institute for Economics and Peace, over half of global terrorism-related deaths in 2024 occurred in the Sahel, with Somalia accounting for 6%, underscoring the challenges ahead even as the U.S. reevaluates its role on the continent.