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France and Portugal Enact Landmark Treaty to Deepen Strategic Ties
A new chapter in relations between France and Portugal began on Sunday as a wide-ranging friendship treaty between the two countries officially entered into force, marking a significant step toward closer cooperation across multiple sectors.
The Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, signed in Porto in February 2025 by Emmanuel Macron and Portuguese Prime Minister Luís Montenegro, is designed to strengthen bilateral ties and reinforce collaboration within Europe.
French officials have described relations with Lisbon as “excellent,” highlighting the agreement as part of a broader effort to build a more self-reliant and competitive Europe. In a message to Portugal’s newly elected president, António José Seguro, Macron pledged to ensure the treaty delivers tangible benefits for both nations.
The agreement covers a wide range of areas, including defence, energy, trade and education. Both countries have committed to enhancing cooperation between their armed forces and defence industries, with a focus on safeguarding critical infrastructure and countering hybrid threats, particularly in cyberspace.
Energy cooperation also features prominently. France and Portugal aim to improve interconnections across the Iberian Peninsula, an issue that gained urgency following a major blackout affecting Spain and Portugal in April 2025. Officials say better integration with European energy networks will help prevent future disruptions and support long-term resilience.
On the economic front, the treaty promotes stronger support for small and medium-sized enterprises and encourages joint efforts in developing a sustainable “blue economy” linked to the Atlantic Ocean. Trade ties between the two countries are already robust, with France ranking as Portugal’s third-largest trading partner in 2025.
Analysts point to growing investment flows in both directions. Portuguese businesses are increasingly establishing a presence in France, while French firms continue to expand operations in Portugal, reflecting deepening economic integration.
People-to-people links are another key pillar of the agreement. Around 1.7 million Portuguese nationals live in France, making them one of the largest foreign communities in the country. Meanwhile, tens of thousands of French citizens reside in Portugal.
The treaty also aims to boost educational cooperation, including teacher training and student exchanges. However, some observers have raised concerns about practical challenges, particularly a shortage of Portuguese language teachers in France, which could limit progress in this area.
Implementation of the agreement will be overseen through regular high-level meetings between the two governments, ensuring continued coordination and follow-up on agreed initiatives.
The pact forms part of a wider strategy by France to deepen bilateral ties across Europe, following similar agreements with Germany, Italy and Poland, as Paris seeks to strengthen partnerships within the European Union.
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EU Must End ‘Naivety’ on Trade and Confront China’s Industrial Strategy, Says French Minister
France’s Minister for Foreign Trade, Nicolas Forissier, has called on the European Union to abandon what he described as “naivety” in its approach to global trade, urging a tougher stance on countries accused of distorting markets through industrial policy and trade practices.
Speaking in an interview with Euronews’ 12 Minutes With programme, Forissier said Europe must respond more firmly to what he described as the weaponisation of trade dependencies, warning that China in particular could damage its own long-term interests by undermining European industry.
“The Chinese have to understand that they won’t win anything if they destroy the European industry and then the European market, which is an essential market for them,” he said. “We must no longer be naive.”
His comments come as the European Commission prepares to hold an “orientation debate” next week on how to respond to a surge of low-cost Chinese imports. The discussion is expected to shape possible new trade defence measures, with further talks likely when EU leaders meet in Brussels in mid-June.
Forissier said the shift in thinking was not limited to China alone but applied to any country using commercial leverage to gain strategic advantage. “It is not only China,” he said. “It is all the countries that weaponise trade.”
Among the proposals under consideration is a requirement for EU companies to diversify supply chains, sourcing components from at least three different suppliers in order to reduce dependency on any single foreign market. Asked whether he supported such a measure, Forissier replied: “Yes, we have to.”
Other options include targeted tariffs on sensitive industries such as chemicals, alongside stronger use of anti-dumping and anti-subsidy tools to counter imports priced below domestic market levels. These measures are designed to address concerns over overcapacity in China’s industrial sector and its impact on European manufacturers.
The debate is taking place against a backdrop of widening trade imbalances. EU goods imports from China exceeded exports by €359.3 billion in 2025, marking an increase of nearly 20% compared with the previous year.
China has already warned it could retaliate if the bloc imposes new restrictions, raising concerns about potential escalation in trade tensions between two of the world’s largest economies.
France has repeatedly pushed for a more assertive European trade policy, arguing that state subsidies, export controls on raw materials and industrial overproduction in major economies are distorting global markets.
Forissier stressed that Europe must maintain open dialogue with Beijing while defending its own industrial base. “We try to respect the Chinese,” he said. “The Chinese have to respect us, and this is the message European institutions have to send.”
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