Artificial intelligence (AI) could ultimately displace between one and three million jobs across the UK, according to a new report by the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. The study suggests that AI-driven changes to the labor market could gradually increase unemployment, with annual job losses expected to peak between 60,000 and 275,000 as AI technology becomes more widely integrated across various industries.

The report, titled Impact of AI on the Labour Market, projects that despite these displacements, AI will ultimately create new demands and opportunities for workers. “Our best guess is that AI’s peak impact on unemployment is likely to be in the low hundreds of thousands,” the report states, noting that while some jobs may be eliminated, these effects will “be capped and ultimately offset” over time as the economy adjusts and new job categories emerge.

The report indicates that AI is particularly likely to affect fields that rely on cognitive tasks, such as administration, sales, customer service, and data-intensive roles in sectors like finance and banking. The gradual adoption of AI is expected to streamline operations, potentially reducing the need for human labor in these areas.

However, AI’s economic impact could be substantial, with the study estimating it could ultimately grow the UK economy by up to 14% by 2050. In the short term, AI adoption is expected to have a “relatively modest” effect, potentially boosting GDP by around 1% within the next five years, with a predicted rise in unemployment by as much as 180,000 by 2030. In the long term, labor productivity and time savings are expected to contribute to broader economic growth, especially as companies find ways to use AI to reduce costs and improve efficiency.

According to the study, large-scale AI adoption could allow firms to save roughly a quarter of private-sector workforce time, representing the equivalent productivity of six million workers. London, already a major hub for generative AI, holds 30% of Europe’s AI startups, underscoring the UK’s leadership in this growing sector, as highlighted by a June study from venture capital firms Accel and Dealroom.

The report also suggests that the benefits of AI are likely to reach smaller businesses if larger AI companies can develop scalable, cost-effective solutions that smaller enterprises can affordably implement. In addition, AI has the potential to improve the labor supply by enhancing workforce productivity and reducing time lost to health issues or job mismatches.

For AI’s transition to succeed, the study emphasizes the need for government involvement. The researchers recommend that governments proactively provide workers with training and information about workplace changes driven by AI, along with financial safety nets and retraining programs to maximize employment opportunities. The report also calls for contingency plans to address any disruptions if job losses and AI integration prove more challenging than expected.

While AI may lead to significant job transformations, the report sees it as a powerful tool for growth, with the potential to revolutionize productivity and economic output if carefully managed and widely adopted.