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Italy Weighs Investment in Global Combat Air Programme Amid Push for Technological Autonomy
It is an expensive gamble, but also an attempt at technological emancipation from the major programmes of the past, in which Italy has often played a subordinate role. In the coming weeks, Italy’s parliament will decide whether to commit substantial resources to the Global Combat Air Programme (Gcap), a joint effort with the United Kingdom and Japan to develop next-generation combat aircraft.
The aim of the Gcap is to create a sixth-generation air combat system by 2035, designed to gradually replace platforms such as the Eurofighter Typhoon and the Mitsubishi F-2. The system will operate in complex warfare environments, with a strong emphasis on interoperability with allied forces. According to Italy’s Defence Multi-Year Planning Document, the country’s contribution to the programme is estimated at around €9 billion through 2035, with more than €600 million allocated for 2025 alone. The cost does not include future expenses for production or the operational lifecycle of the aircraft.
The Gcap marks a potential shift in Italy’s defence strategy. Previous programmes, such as the Eurofighter and F-35, left the country largely dependent on stronger partners, with limited access to key technologies. In contrast, the Gcap grants Italy equal participation, with a 33.3 percent share alongside the UK and Japan, allowing for greater technological and industrial returns. Unlike the F-35, which involved significant U.S.-controlled “black boxes” restricting local involvement, the Gcap is structured to provide Italian industries and institutions greater operational sovereignty.
The programme merges the British Tempest and Japanese FX projects, and will initially operate alongside Italy’s Eurofighters and F-35s before gradually assuming full operational responsibilities. It will also incorporate uncrewed combat air systems (UCAS) and auxiliary technologies, enhancing Italy’s capabilities in drone integration and advanced communication networks.
Experts highlight the programme’s strategic importance. “We need to equip ourselves looking ahead to the next 10, 20, 30 years to maintain deterrence against Russia and contain Chinese assertiveness,” said Alessandro Marrone, head of the Defence, Security and Space programme at the Istituto Affari Internazionali.
Despite strong political and industrial support, the Gcap faces challenges. High levels of classified information, supply chain integration across large industrial groups, SMEs, and start-ups, and the need for a steady pipeline of skilled engineers all present potential obstacles. Delays or fragmented funding could affect technology development and industrial returns, while international cooperation depends on clear export and component exchange rules.
The programme’s first phase, financed with €3.85 billion through 2026, focuses on developing and testing key technologies. The next phase, costing around €4.5 billion, will produce a demonstrator aircraft, with entry into service planned around 2040.
If approved, the Gcap could secure Italy a prominent role in the next generation of global combat aviation, marking a decisive step toward greater autonomy and technological leadership in defence.
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EU Must End ‘Naivety’ on Trade and Confront China’s Industrial Strategy, Says French Minister
France’s Minister for Foreign Trade, Nicolas Forissier, has called on the European Union to abandon what he described as “naivety” in its approach to global trade, urging a tougher stance on countries accused of distorting markets through industrial policy and trade practices.
Speaking in an interview with Euronews’ 12 Minutes With programme, Forissier said Europe must respond more firmly to what he described as the weaponisation of trade dependencies, warning that China in particular could damage its own long-term interests by undermining European industry.
“The Chinese have to understand that they won’t win anything if they destroy the European industry and then the European market, which is an essential market for them,” he said. “We must no longer be naive.”
His comments come as the European Commission prepares to hold an “orientation debate” next week on how to respond to a surge of low-cost Chinese imports. The discussion is expected to shape possible new trade defence measures, with further talks likely when EU leaders meet in Brussels in mid-June.
Forissier said the shift in thinking was not limited to China alone but applied to any country using commercial leverage to gain strategic advantage. “It is not only China,” he said. “It is all the countries that weaponise trade.”
Among the proposals under consideration is a requirement for EU companies to diversify supply chains, sourcing components from at least three different suppliers in order to reduce dependency on any single foreign market. Asked whether he supported such a measure, Forissier replied: “Yes, we have to.”
Other options include targeted tariffs on sensitive industries such as chemicals, alongside stronger use of anti-dumping and anti-subsidy tools to counter imports priced below domestic market levels. These measures are designed to address concerns over overcapacity in China’s industrial sector and its impact on European manufacturers.
The debate is taking place against a backdrop of widening trade imbalances. EU goods imports from China exceeded exports by €359.3 billion in 2025, marking an increase of nearly 20% compared with the previous year.
China has already warned it could retaliate if the bloc imposes new restrictions, raising concerns about potential escalation in trade tensions between two of the world’s largest economies.
France has repeatedly pushed for a more assertive European trade policy, arguing that state subsidies, export controls on raw materials and industrial overproduction in major economies are distorting global markets.
Forissier stressed that Europe must maintain open dialogue with Beijing while defending its own industrial base. “We try to respect the Chinese,” he said. “The Chinese have to respect us, and this is the message European institutions have to send.”
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