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Researchers Question Effectiveness of ‘Carbon Footprint’ Concept

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As the term “carbon footprint” marks its 25th anniversary this year, researchers are beginning to question its effectiveness in driving meaningful climate action. Initially popularized by the Oxford English Dictionary as the 2007 UK Word of the Year, the concept of a “carbon footprint” has helped raise awareness about the environmental impact of our personal choices, from the food we eat to the energy we use. However, some experts argue that the focus on individual responsibility may have diverted attention from the larger systemic changes needed to address climate change.

The term was first coined in 1999 by the BBC’s Vegetarian Good Food magazine and quickly gained traction. It became a widely recognized way to measure the environmental harm of everyday activities, such as the higher carbon emissions of beef compared to chicken. “It highlights how every choice we make, whether as individuals or organizations, contributes to environmental changes,” says Irene Bertolami, a researcher at the Eurac research center in Italy.

While the carbon footprint concept has helped raise awareness, it has not translated into decisive action by governments or businesses, according to Antje Boetius, director of the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany. She points out that, despite widespread recognition of the term, reducing carbon emissions remains costly, and fossil fuel reliance continues to prevail. “Politically, [the term] has not led to proper conclusions regarding national carbon emission pathways,” she says.

Another issue is the lack of standardized methodologies for calculating carbon footprints, which leads to confusion and even greenwashing. A 2021 study highlighted the chaos in comparing the environmental impacts of different products and actions due to inconsistent definitions. Experts argue that standardization is crucial to avoid misleading calculations and comparisons.

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Critics also point to the use of the term by major oil companies, particularly BP, which hired a public relations firm to popularize the term in the early 2000s. BP introduced one of the first carbon footprint calculators in 2004, which some see as an attempt to shift the responsibility for climate change onto consumers. “I think the PR of the oil industry has worked really well to divert attention from the need for systemic change,” says Boetius.

Rather than focusing on individual actions, researchers argue that the conversation should shift towards broader societal and governmental action. Tom Bradley, director of the environmental consultancy Decerna, calls the emphasis on personal carbon footprints a distraction. “We need a wholesale societal shift and a complete change in how everything is done,” he says.

Experts like Mathis Wackernagel, president of the Global Footprint Network, advocate for more comprehensive measures of sustainability, such as the Ecological Footprint, which accounts for overall resource consumption and waste generation. Wackernagel believes that instead of focusing solely on carbon emissions, we should measure the broader impact of human activities on resource security.

As the conversation around climate action evolves, researchers urge a shift in focus from blaming individuals to demanding more significant climate policies from governments and businesses. “Often people are surprised when they learn that a small percentage of businesses or individuals are responsible for the majority of carbon emissions,” says Boetius. Ultimately, experts suggest that the goal should be to secure resources and reduce pollution in ways that go beyond the individual level, creating more sustainable systems for the future.

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EU Must End ‘Naivety’ on Trade and Confront China’s Industrial Strategy, Says French Minister

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France’s Minister for Foreign Trade, Nicolas Forissier, has called on the European Union to abandon what he described as “naivety” in its approach to global trade, urging a tougher stance on countries accused of distorting markets through industrial policy and trade practices.

Speaking in an interview with Euronews’ 12 Minutes With programme, Forissier said Europe must respond more firmly to what he described as the weaponisation of trade dependencies, warning that China in particular could damage its own long-term interests by undermining European industry.

“The Chinese have to understand that they won’t win anything if they destroy the European industry and then the European market, which is an essential market for them,” he said. “We must no longer be naive.”

His comments come as the European Commission prepares to hold an “orientation debate” next week on how to respond to a surge of low-cost Chinese imports. The discussion is expected to shape possible new trade defence measures, with further talks likely when EU leaders meet in Brussels in mid-June.

Forissier said the shift in thinking was not limited to China alone but applied to any country using commercial leverage to gain strategic advantage. “It is not only China,” he said. “It is all the countries that weaponise trade.”

Among the proposals under consideration is a requirement for EU companies to diversify supply chains, sourcing components from at least three different suppliers in order to reduce dependency on any single foreign market. Asked whether he supported such a measure, Forissier replied: “Yes, we have to.”

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Other options include targeted tariffs on sensitive industries such as chemicals, alongside stronger use of anti-dumping and anti-subsidy tools to counter imports priced below domestic market levels. These measures are designed to address concerns over overcapacity in China’s industrial sector and its impact on European manufacturers.

The debate is taking place against a backdrop of widening trade imbalances. EU goods imports from China exceeded exports by €359.3 billion in 2025, marking an increase of nearly 20% compared with the previous year.

China has already warned it could retaliate if the bloc imposes new restrictions, raising concerns about potential escalation in trade tensions between two of the world’s largest economies.

France has repeatedly pushed for a more assertive European trade policy, arguing that state subsidies, export controls on raw materials and industrial overproduction in major economies are distorting global markets.

Forissier stressed that Europe must maintain open dialogue with Beijing while defending its own industrial base. “We try to respect the Chinese,” he said. “The Chinese have to respect us, and this is the message European institutions have to send.”

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US Says Iran Talks ‘Borderline’ as Pakistan Pushes Diplomacy Amid War Tensions

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US President Donald Trump has said ongoing negotiations over the conflict involving Iran are teetering on the “borderline” between reaching a diplomatic agreement and a return to renewed military strikes, as tensions continue to rise across the region.

The remarks came as Pakistan’s army chief Field Marshal Asim Munir arrived in Tehran for fresh talks aimed at de-escalating the US-Israeli conflict with Iran. His visit follows a series of high-level diplomatic engagements involving Pakistani officials and Iranian leadership in recent days.

Munir was received in Tehran by Iranian Interior Minister Eskandar Momeni, alongside Pakistan’s Interior Minister Mohsin Naqvi, who has also travelled to the Iranian capital multiple times this week for meetings with senior officials.

Despite the renewed diplomatic activity, Iran has downplayed expectations of a breakthrough. Foreign ministry spokesman Esmaeil Baqaei said the visit did not signal any decisive shift in negotiations, describing the differences between the parties as “deep and extensive,” according to Iran’s ISNA news agency.

Speaking at a NATO foreign ministers’ meeting in Sweden, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio said there had been limited progress in the discussions but cautioned against optimism.

“There’s a little bit of movement and that’s good,” Rubio said, adding that he did not want to exaggerate developments. He also warned that Washington retains “other options” if diplomacy fails, echoing Trump’s earlier comments that military action remains on the table if Iran does not agree to terms.

Trump has previously stated that he paused consideration of a strike due to what he described as “serious negotiations” taking place, but has repeatedly warned that the fragile ceasefire reached in mid-April could collapse.

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Iran’s Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi said Tehran remained committed to talks despite what he called repeated breaches of diplomacy by Washington. He said Iran was participating “with a responsible approach and with all seriousness” in an effort to secure what he described as a fair outcome, according to Iranian state media.

A key point of contention remains the Strait of Hormuz, a strategic maritime route through which a significant share of global oil and gas supplies pass. Iranian actions in the waterway and US responses have heightened fears of wider economic disruption.

Iran has effectively restricted access through the strait, while US Central Command has reportedly blocked Iranian ports and redirected commercial vessels since mid-April. The European Union has since expanded its sanctions framework targeting those involved, calling the blockade contrary to international law.

Rubio said allied nations were also discussing contingency plans in case negotiations fail, warning that the situation may require a “plan B” if diplomatic efforts collapse.

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US Green Card Rule Change Forces Most Applicants to Apply From Abroad

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A sweeping policy change in the United States has upended a long-standing immigration process, requiring most foreign nationals seeking green cards to leave the country and complete their applications from abroad.

Under the new directive issued Friday by US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), individuals in the United States on temporary visas — including work, student and tourist permits — will generally no longer be able to adjust their status to permanent residency while remaining in the country. Instead, they must return to their home countries and apply through US consulates, except in limited “extraordinary circumstances.”

USCIS spokesperson Zach Kahler said the policy was intended to realign the immigration system with its original framework.

“From now on, an alien who is in the U.S. temporarily and wants a Green Card must return to their home country to apply, except in extraordinary circumstances,” Kahler said. He added that the change would reduce incentives for people to remain in the US after visa denials.

The decision marks a significant departure from decades of practice, under which many migrants have been allowed to apply for permanent residency from within the United States. That pathway has been commonly used by spouses of US citizens, workers, students, and individuals with family ties in the country.

The process of obtaining a green card often takes months or even years, raising concerns that applicants may now be forced to leave jobs, homes and families while waiting for approval abroad.

Immigration attorneys and advocacy groups said they were still assessing the scope of the policy and how it would be enforced. Many also warned that practical barriers could make compliance difficult, particularly for applicants from countries where travel is restricted or where US consular services are limited or unavailable.

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Shev Dalal-Dheini of the American Immigration Lawyers Association said the move appeared to disrupt established procedures. “USCIS is trying to upend decades of processing of adjustment of status,” she said, noting widespread uncertainty over who would be affected.

Jessie De Haven of the California Immigration Project said the policy could discourage eligible applicants from proceeding altogether. “It’s really hard to tell how this is going to be applied,” she said. “I do think it might have a chilling effect on people applying.”

The announcement forms part of a broader immigration crackdown under the Trump administration, which has sought to tighten legal pathways while increasing enforcement measures against irregular migration.

Officials have framed the change as an effort to close loopholes and strengthen oversight of the immigration system. Critics, however, argue it could lead to prolonged separations for families and create new obstacles for lawful immigrants seeking permanent residency in the United States.

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