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Researchers Question Effectiveness of ‘Carbon Footprint’ Concept

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As the term “carbon footprint” marks its 25th anniversary this year, researchers are beginning to question its effectiveness in driving meaningful climate action. Initially popularized by the Oxford English Dictionary as the 2007 UK Word of the Year, the concept of a “carbon footprint” has helped raise awareness about the environmental impact of our personal choices, from the food we eat to the energy we use. However, some experts argue that the focus on individual responsibility may have diverted attention from the larger systemic changes needed to address climate change.

The term was first coined in 1999 by the BBC’s Vegetarian Good Food magazine and quickly gained traction. It became a widely recognized way to measure the environmental harm of everyday activities, such as the higher carbon emissions of beef compared to chicken. “It highlights how every choice we make, whether as individuals or organizations, contributes to environmental changes,” says Irene Bertolami, a researcher at the Eurac research center in Italy.

While the carbon footprint concept has helped raise awareness, it has not translated into decisive action by governments or businesses, according to Antje Boetius, director of the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany. She points out that, despite widespread recognition of the term, reducing carbon emissions remains costly, and fossil fuel reliance continues to prevail. “Politically, [the term] has not led to proper conclusions regarding national carbon emission pathways,” she says.

Another issue is the lack of standardized methodologies for calculating carbon footprints, which leads to confusion and even greenwashing. A 2021 study highlighted the chaos in comparing the environmental impacts of different products and actions due to inconsistent definitions. Experts argue that standardization is crucial to avoid misleading calculations and comparisons.

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Critics also point to the use of the term by major oil companies, particularly BP, which hired a public relations firm to popularize the term in the early 2000s. BP introduced one of the first carbon footprint calculators in 2004, which some see as an attempt to shift the responsibility for climate change onto consumers. “I think the PR of the oil industry has worked really well to divert attention from the need for systemic change,” says Boetius.

Rather than focusing on individual actions, researchers argue that the conversation should shift towards broader societal and governmental action. Tom Bradley, director of the environmental consultancy Decerna, calls the emphasis on personal carbon footprints a distraction. “We need a wholesale societal shift and a complete change in how everything is done,” he says.

Experts like Mathis Wackernagel, president of the Global Footprint Network, advocate for more comprehensive measures of sustainability, such as the Ecological Footprint, which accounts for overall resource consumption and waste generation. Wackernagel believes that instead of focusing solely on carbon emissions, we should measure the broader impact of human activities on resource security.

As the conversation around climate action evolves, researchers urge a shift in focus from blaming individuals to demanding more significant climate policies from governments and businesses. “Often people are surprised when they learn that a small percentage of businesses or individuals are responsible for the majority of carbon emissions,” says Boetius. Ultimately, experts suggest that the goal should be to secure resources and reduce pollution in ways that go beyond the individual level, creating more sustainable systems for the future.

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Two Arrested After Scaling Empire State Building Antenna and Displaying Peace Banner

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Two people were arrested on Wednesday after climbing the antenna of New York City’s Empire State Building and displaying a banner carrying a message promoting peace, prompting questions about how they gained access to one of the city’s most heavily secured landmarks.

The climbers, dressed in black and wearing face coverings, reached the narrow upper section of the skyscraper’s antenna, which extends the building’s height to 443 metres above Midtown Manhattan. Television news helicopters captured the pair standing on a narrow ledge, where they appeared to embrace and kiss while a banner fluttered in the wind.

The banner displayed the message: “When the power of love beats the love of power the world knows peace.”

Shortly after 12:30 p.m., the pair began descending from the antenna, carefully making their way through the metal framework to a wider platform. Video footage showed one individual appearing to set up a small electronic device before kneeling, while the other later took photographs resembling engagement-style selfies. The two embraced again before continuing their descent.

Police officers took both individuals into custody shortly after 1 p.m. Authorities did not immediately release their identities or provide details about the charges they may face. Police confirmed that no injuries were reported during the incident.

The unusual stunt drew the attention of pedestrians and office workers nearby, many of whom gathered outside the landmark to watch the unfolding scene.

Jonathan Roman, a tourist visiting New York from Glasgow, Scotland, said he and his teenage son had planned to visit one of the building’s observation decks but found access temporarily restricted because of the incident.

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“It’s crazy, it’s like being in the movies,” Roman said, adding that witnessing the dramatic climb turned out to be an unexpected attraction.

The incident also raised concerns among employees working inside the Empire State Building, where visitors undergo security screening before entering. Building regulations prohibit guests from bringing large packages, sports equipment, costumes and masks, among other restricted items.

Jessica Kaplan, who works in an office located inside the skyscraper, expressed surprise that the pair had managed to reach the antenna despite the building’s extensive security measures.

Building management described the climb as an unauthorized act and said the incident did not pose a danger to occupants or visitors. Officials did not immediately explain how the climbers accessed the antenna or whether they had encountered security personnel before reaching the restricted area.

The Empire State Building has attracted daredevils on several occasions over the years. Most climbs have been carried out without authorization, although actor and musician Jared Leto was granted permission in 2023 to climb to the base of the antenna from the building’s 86th floor as part of a promotional event for a concert tour.

Authorities are continuing to investigate how Wednesday’s climbers reached the restricted section of the iconic skyscraper.

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Eurobarometer Survey Shows Rising Cost of Living Fuels Economic Pessimism Across EU

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A growing number of Europeans expect their standard of living to decline over the next five years as rising prices and the cost of living remain the biggest concerns across the European Union, according to the latest Eurobarometer survey released on Tuesday.

The poll, which gathered responses from more than 26,000 people across all EU member states, found that 29% of respondents believe their personal standard of living will worsen during the next five years. Only 18% expect their financial situation to improve, highlighting increasing uncertainty about the economic outlook.

The survey also revealed significant differences between age groups. Economic pessimism was highest among people aged 55 and older, with 34% expecting their living standards to decline. Among younger respondents, only 17% shared the same outlook.

Views also varied considerably across member states. Western European countries generally recorded higher levels of concern than nations in Central and Eastern Europe.

France reported the highest level of pessimism, with 44% of respondents expecting their financial circumstances to deteriorate. Portugal, Germany and Austria also recorded relatively high levels of concern.

By contrast, respondents in several Central and Eastern European countries expressed greater confidence about the future. Only 9% of people surveyed in Poland expected their living standards to worsen, while Hungary recorded the lowest level of economic pessimism in the bloc at 8%.

The survey also pointed to differences in public attitudes toward the European Union.

Across the bloc, half of respondents said they held a positive view of the EU, while 17% expressed a negative opinion. However, support for the union was weaker in countries including France, Austria, Greece and the Czech Republic.

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France and Austria also ranked among the least convinced that EU membership has benefited their countries. Only 62% of respondents in both nations believed membership had produced a positive overall outcome. Bulgaria recorded the lowest figure, with 57% expressing that view.

A European Parliament official familiar with the findings said economic uncertainty and persistent inflation may be influencing public perceptions of the EU in some member states, where political parties critical of the bloc have gained support in recent years.

The survey found that inflation, rising prices and the cost of living have become the dominant issues Europeans want the European Parliament to address. Nearly half of respondents, or 47%, identified these as their top priority, an increase of six percentage points from the previous survey.

Economic growth and job creation ranked second among voters’ concerns, followed by defence and security as Europe continues to respond to geopolitical tensions.

Looking back over the past year, 27% of respondents said their quality of life had deteriorated, while 62% reported no significant change. Only 11% believed their living standards had improved.

The findings suggest that although economic conditions differ across the EU, concerns over household finances and inflation remain central issues shaping public opinion and expectations for the years ahead.

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Iran Prepares Six-Day State Funeral for Ayatollah Ali Khamenei Amid Delicate US Talks

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The funeral comes nearly four months after Khamenei was killed in the opening US-Israeli strikes on February 28. Iranian authorities delayed the burial because of the conflict, the subsequent ceasefire and ongoing diplomatic efforts with the United States. Officials said the ceremonies will now take place during a period of relative calm as negotiations continue over the Strait of Hormuz, Iran’s nuclear programme and sanctions.

Khamenei served as Iran’s supreme leader for 37 years after succeeding Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1989. Before assuming the country’s highest political and religious office, he served as Iran’s president from 1981 to 1989.

The funeral ceremonies will begin on Saturday and Sunday at Tehran’s Mosalla prayer complex, a venue traditionally used for major national religious gatherings and state commemorations.

The main funeral procession is scheduled for Monday, following a 10-kilometre route from Imam Hossein Square to Azadi Square. Tehran Mayor Alireza Zakani has said around 20 million people are expected to participate, which would make it the largest public gathering in the capital’s history.

Following the Tehran events, the procession will move to the holy city of Qom on July 7 before continuing to Iraq for ceremonies in Najaf and Karbala, home to some of Shiite Islam’s most sacred shrines. The final burial will take place in Mashhad, Khamenei’s birthplace and the location of the shrine of Imam Reza. Authorities estimate that between eight and ten million mourners could attend the burial ceremony there.

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Security preparations are extensive. The Basij volunteer force is coordinating logistics, while the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps has been assigned responsibility for crowd control and security. Schools, mosques, sports halls and universities will provide temporary accommodation for visitors, highways will serve as parking areas and access to major cities is expected to be tightly controlled. Domestic flights may also face disruptions during the ceremonies.

Pakistan has confirmed that President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif will send an official delegation to attend the funeral. It remains unclear which senior officials from Gulf Arab states, Russia and China will participate.

Questions also remain over whether Iran’s new supreme leader, Ayatollah Mojtaba Khamenei, will appear in public during the ceremonies. He has not been seen publicly since assuming the position following his father’s death, while media reports have claimed he was injured during the conflict. Iranian authorities have not commented on those reports.

The funeral takes place as Iran and the United States continue negotiations under a memorandum of understanding signed on June 17. Talks remain focused on Iran’s nuclear programme, sanctions relief and maritime security in the Strait of Hormuz, with another round of discussions expected in Doha in the coming days.

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