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MIT Study Reveals Hidden Innovations Behind Solar Power’s Dramatic Cost Decline

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Solar energy, once a costly and niche technology, has become one of the most affordable and widely used power sources in the world. A new study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), published in PLOS ONE, has traced the dramatic fall in solar costs — more than 99 percent since the 1970s — to a complex web of innovations that span far beyond solar technology itself.

Researchers identified 81 distinct breakthroughs that have steadily lowered the cost of photovoltaic (PV) systems over the past five decades. These include technical improvements within the panels, such as wire-sawing methods that reduce silicon waste, alongside systemic changes like faster permitting procedures for new projects. Strikingly, many of these advances emerged from industries unrelated to solar power, including semiconductors, glassmaking, and even legal reforms.

“The story of how solar became the cheapest form of electricity in history is one of steady, systemic innovations,” said Kostantsa Rangelova, global electricity analyst at energy think tank Ember. She explained that incremental advances became transformative when combined with economies of scale and mass production, magnifying small efficiencies into significant cost reductions.

The effects of these changes are already reshaping energy markets. In June, solar power generated more electricity than any other source in the European Union for the first time — a symbolic milestone amid surging clean energy investments. Globally, around €1.7 trillion was invested in renewables last year, outpacing fossil fuels by €685 billion. Offshore wind has also become more cost-effective, but the price drop in solar remains the most dramatic, positioning it as a leader in the global shift to renewables.

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Looking ahead, MIT researchers argue that the next phase of cost reductions may come from unexpected areas, including software, robotics, and grid integration. Tools such as automated engineering reviews, AI-driven design, and modular panel construction could deliver new savings and improve quality. “What we’ve seen so far in PV may really just be the beginning,” said study co-author Magdalena Klemun, noting that spillovers from other sectors will continue to accelerate change.

However, challenges remain, particularly in end-of-life management. Solar panels, designed to last over 30 years, are difficult to dismantle and recycle, raising concerns about mounting waste as older units retire. Researchers and companies across Europe, Australia, and beyond are now exploring sustainable recycling methods, repair programs, and reusable designs to address this issue. Similar concerns are emerging in the wind industry, where turbine waste could reach 43 million tonnes by 2050.

The MIT team emphasized that many of the systemic innovations driving solar’s success originated not only from laboratories and corporations but also from government-led initiatives. By learning from solar’s history, policymakers and industry leaders can better support breakthroughs in other renewable technologies.

“Through this retrospective analysis, you learn something valuable for future strategy,” said Jessika Trancik, lead author of the study. “It is also useful to know what adjacent sectors may help support improvement in a particular technology.”

With solar now at the forefront of clean energy, its past offers critical lessons for accelerating the world’s transition toward a net-zero future.

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Romania Shoots Down Third Drone in Three Days as Shahed-Type Aircraft Linked to Russia

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Romania has shot down a third drone in three days as the country faces a growing number of unmanned aircraft incidents linked to the war in neighbouring Ukraine.

Romanian President Nicușor Dan said an F-16 fighter jet intercepted and destroyed a drone over Romania’s territorial waters on Sunday morning. The incident occurred at about 10:13 a.m. in the Sulina-Chilia area of the Danube Delta, close to the Ukrainian border.

“I would like to congratulate the Romanian pilots and ground crews on the professionalism, courage and efficiency with which they carry out their missions,” Dan wrote on social media.

Romanian authorities had reported another drone being shot down by an F-16 on Saturday. The aircraft was intercepted around 10 kilometres west of the village of Sfântu Gheorghe in eastern Romania.

The Defence Ministry said two fighter jets had been sent to identify and intercept the target. The drone was then destroyed in an unpopulated area near the border.

A third drone was shot down by a Romanian F-16 at around 11 a.m. on Friday.

Romania’s Prosecutor General’s Office has determined that the drone destroyed on Friday was a Shahed-type aircraft used by Russian forces in their war against Ukraine. Investigations into the drones shot down on Saturday and Sunday remain ongoing.

Dan said it was “intolerable” for Russia to continue violating Romanian airspace.

“Such actions are unacceptable and we are treating them with the utmost seriousness, alongside our allies,” he said.

Romania, a NATO member on the alliance’s eastern flank, has faced growing security concerns because of its position along the Black Sea and its border with Ukraine. The country has reported an increasing number of drone incidents since Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.

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In May, a Russian drone carrying explosives crashed into an apartment building in Galați, causing a fire on the roof and injuring two people.

A month later, a Ukrainian sea drone exploded in the Romanian port of Constanta. Ukraine’s military said the vessel had veered off course after Russian electronic warfare interference.

The repeated incidents have increased concerns in Bucharest over the possibility of the war spilling across national borders, even as Romania and its NATO allies continue to strengthen surveillance and air defence measures in the region.

European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has described such incidents as a direct consequence of Russia’s war against Ukraine.

The latest drone activity has placed further pressure on Romanian authorities to monitor the country’s airspace and territorial waters as fighting continues across the border.

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Chickenpox Outbreak Spreads Through Gaza Camps as Overcrowding and Vaccine Gaps Raise Alarm

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A chickenpox outbreak is spreading rapidly through displacement camps in Gaza, with around 9,300 cases recorded across more than 130 health facilities in just two weeks.

Doctors and health workers say the actual number of infections is likely much higher because many patients are treated in tents or local clinics and never reach hospitals. The UN health cluster attributed the rise to severe overcrowding, high summer temperatures and worsening access to clean water.

More than half of the reported cases were recorded in Khan Younis governorate. Health teams also registered more than 18,000 new cases of infectious skin diseases across Gaza during the same week, including scabies, head lice and impetigo.

Isolation, which is recommended for children with chickenpox, is nearly impossible in many displacement camps. Families of six or more often live together in tents measuring only a few square metres, while in some locations multiple families share a single tent.

Hamada Abu Ghali, who is displaced in Nuseirat, said doctors told his daughter to stay apart from other family members after she was diagnosed with chickenpox. But the family had no space to follow the advice.

“Before the war we had a house and rooms, but today all of us are in one tent,” he said.

Ahmed Abu Hussein, displaced in Deir al-Balah, said children continued to play together because families could not keep them inside cramped shelters.

“We can’t control them or keep them inside the tent, so the infection ends up spreading to the whole family,” he said.

At Al-Rantisi Children’s Hospital, paediatric consultant Dr Sharif Mattar said official figures probably represented only a fraction of the outbreak. Many children are treated in displacement sites and primary healthcare centres, leaving their cases out of hospital statistics.

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Nurse Sheimaa Hajji said health centres were seeing more children with widespread rashes. Treatment has largely focused on easing itching and preventing secondary bacterial infections, but supplies are running short.

The outbreak is being worsened by a vaccination crisis. Bassam Zaqout, director of Medical Relief in Gaza, said thousands of children born during the war had been unable to complete routine vaccination schedules. Restrictions on vaccine deliveries have also limited efforts to improve community protection.

Health officials have warned that chickenpox can pose additional risks to pregnant women, while maternity services in Gaza remain severely limited.

The World Health Organisation said the health system continues to operate with restricted capacity because of damaged facilities, shortages of medicines and a lack of medical staff.

UN field teams have also reported unsafe water supplies and sewage flowing around displacement sites.

The UN health cluster has increased the distribution of fever medicines, anti-itch treatments and antibiotics for bacterial complications. Health education teams have also been deployed.

Aid agencies warn that these efforts will not be enough without a major increase in medical supplies, clean water and hygiene materials reaching Gaza.

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Wildfires Force Mass Evacuations in France and Spain as Southern Europe Battles Record Heat

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Wildfires continued to spread across parts of France and Spain on Friday, forcing thousands of people to leave their homes as emergency services struggled to contain blazes fuelled by extreme heat and dry conditions.

French authorities ordered residents in three suburbs of Bordeaux to evacuate as a major fire continued to burn across the Gironde department. People in Le Haillan, Eysines and Mérignac were told to leave immediately using designated evacuation routes.

The fire, described by officials as unprecedented, has burned around 19,000 hectares since it began near Saumos on Tuesday. Around 110,000 people have been evacuated as the flames moved towards Le Porge and Lège-Cap-Ferret before spreading east towards the Bordeaux metropolitan area.

Smoke from the fires was visible across the Arcachon Basin. Bordeaux authorities opened the Parc des Expositions exhibition centre to accommodate people forced from their homes.

Two firefighters died while battling the blaze in Mérignac on Tuesday. French President Emmanuel Macron paid tribute to the firefighters and expressed condolences to their families and colleagues.

France has requested international assistance through the European Union’s civil protection mechanism. The EU said aircraft and helicopters from Portugal, Croatia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia would be sent to help tackle the fires. Sweden also announced plans to send firefighting aircraft.

The crisis has placed additional pressure on emergency services already dealing with widespread fires across southern Europe.

In Spain, wildfires continued to burn in the Madrid region and the province of Ávila, forcing thousands of people to flee. The Spanish government declared a national emergency as fires threatened communities.

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Isabel Díaz Ayuso, president of the Community of Madrid, described the blaze affecting the region as the worst in its local history.

Spain’s Civil Guard said 650 officers, 60 vehicles and two helicopters had been deployed to support evacuation operations and emergency efforts.

The fires have also caused disruption in other areas near the capital, with residents forced to leave as flames approached towns and villages.

According to figures from the European Union, 1,254 fires have burned approximately 254,388 hectares across Europe since the start of the year. The scale of the destruction has raised renewed concerns about the impact of extreme heat, drought and increasingly dangerous wildfire conditions across the continent.

Emergency crews in France and Spain continue to battle the fires, while authorities have warned residents to follow evacuation orders as changing winds and high temperatures could cause the flames to spread rapidly.

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