Germany is facing growing difficulty in retaining European Union migrants, even as they remain vital to the country’s labour market, according to a new study presented by the Labour Ministry.
For years, skilled migration has helped sustain Europe’s largest economy. However, research by the EU Equal Treatment Office shows that a significant share of EU citizens leave Germany within four years of arrival. The findings raise concerns about the country’s ability to address persistent labour shortages.
“We cannot afford to lose a third of EU citizens due to poor conditions,” said Natalie Pawlik, the Federal Government Commissioner for Integration, as she presented the report in Berlin.
Although Germany continues to record annual immigration inflows of between 400,000 and 700,000 people, it also sees high levels of emigration among EU nationals. The study suggests that work and living conditions are not compelling enough to persuade many migrants to settle long term.
A separate analysis by the German Economic Institute in November 2025 found that more than 260,000 positions remained unfilled across the ten sectors facing the most acute shortages. Healthcare alone accounts for around 46,000 vacancies. Construction and public administration are also struggling to recruit qualified staff.
Valeria Quispe, an expert at the institute, said bottlenecks in healthcare are contributing to longer waiting times for appointments, while staff shortages in construction are slowing residential building projects. She noted that although the economic slowdown has eased labour pressures slightly, structural shortages persist.
EU citizens typically move to Germany for better job prospects, higher wages and legal stability. Romania is the largest source country, followed by Poland and Bulgaria. Italy, Hungary and Spain also contribute sizeable numbers of workers. Almost three quarters of recent EU immigrants have come from countries that gained full freedom of movement within the past 10 to 15 years.
Yet immigration from several key EU countries declined in 2024. Inflows from Croatia, Poland and Bulgaria dropped sharply, and net migration from other EU states fell to just 38,735, down nearly 67 per cent from the previous year.
Interviews conducted for the study highlight why many migrants consider leaving. High living costs, bureaucratic hurdles and limited recognition of qualifications were frequently cited. Nearly 39 per cent of respondents said they did not feel comfortable in Germany, while about half reported experiencing discrimination at work.
The study concluded that stronger labour market integration, better housing access and a more welcoming environment could improve retention. Employment growth in recent years has been driven largely by non-EU nationals, according to the Federal Employment Agency, as Germany’s ageing population sees increasing numbers of baby boomers retire.