A US federal judge has approved a $1.5 billion (€1.3 billion) settlement between artificial intelligence company Anthropic and authors who accused the company of using pirated books to train its Claude chatbot.

The agreement, approved on 20 July by US District Judge Araceli Martínez-Olguín in San Francisco, closes the largest copyright class action in US history and marks the first major settlement in a growing wave of lawsuits over how AI companies use copyrighted material to train their systems.

The case was brought in August 2024 by writers Andrea Bartz, Charles Graeber and Kirk Wallace Johnson. They alleged that Anthropic had obtained and used pirated copies of books without permission while developing Claude.

Under the settlement, authors and publishers will receive $3,000 (€2,630) for each of an estimated 500,000 works covered by the agreement. Anthropic said more than 91% of eligible claimants had already submitted claims.

Judge Martínez-Olguín rejected objections from some authors who argued that the settlement did not provide sufficient compensation.

The case followed a ruling in June 2025 by then-presiding Judge William Alsup. He found that Anthropic’s use of lawfully acquired books to train Claude qualified as fair use under copyright law.

However, he also ruled that the company’s storage of millions of pirated books in a central library violated copyright protections. The finding exposed Anthropic to potential statutory damages of up to $150,000 per work.

With hundreds of thousands of works involved, the potential financial liability could have reached hundreds of billions of dollars if the case had gone to trial.

Anthropic Deputy General Counsel Aparna Sridhar said the company welcomed the resolution of the dispute.

Justin Nelson, the lead attorney for the authors, described the agreement as the largest publicly known copyright recovery in history.

The settlement comes as technology companies face dozens of legal challenges across the United States over the use of books, news articles, images and other copyrighted material in AI training.

Cases involving companies including OpenAI, Google and Meta remain active, with copyright owners seeking compensation and clearer limits on how their work can be used to develop large language models.

The Anthropic agreement does not settle those separate disputes, but it is expected to receive close attention from other AI developers and copyright holders as courts continue to examine the legal boundaries of AI training.

A U.S. robotics company developing artificial intelligence-powered humanoid robots says weaponised versions of the technology could begin testing as early as next year, following field trials in Ukraine, raising fresh questions about the future of autonomous systems in modern warfare.

Foundation Future Industries, which builds humanoid robots for commercial and military applications, has already tested its Phantom robots in Ukraine in non-combat roles. Chief Executive Officer Sankaet Pathak said the company expects to explore weaponisation after evaluating the results of those pilot programs.

Pathak said public fears are often shaped by science fiction but argued that humanoid robots would not replace existing weapons such as missiles or drones.

“I think we have this psychological reaction, which is like the Terminator, but the reality is not really like that,” he said.

Instead, he believes humanoid robots could be deployed for highly precise military operations where limiting damage to infrastructure and reducing civilian casualties are priorities.

According to Pathak, drones and conventional weapons remain more effective for large-scale attacks, while humanoid robots would be better suited to complex ground missions requiring careful movement through buildings and urban environments.

He added that robots are unlikely to replace drones on the battlefield but could help reduce risks faced by soldiers in increasingly dangerous combat zones.

Currently, there is no international treaty specifically regulating humanoid or autonomous combat robots. Their use falls under existing international humanitarian law, which requires distinction between military targets and civilians during armed conflict.

The issue has drawn increasing attention from the United Nations. Last week, UN Secretary-General António Guterres renewed calls for restrictions on lethal autonomous weapons systems, describing them as “killer robots” capable of selecting and attacking targets without human judgment. The UN has been negotiating a treaty on lethal autonomous weapons since 2023, with proposals calling for a legally binding agreement by 2026.

Pathak argued that humanoid robots should be treated similarly to other precision-guided military systems already in service, including armed drones and unmanned ground vehicles.

Foundation’s robots rely on artificial intelligence built around so-called world models. Unlike large language models that predict text, these systems learn from video, simulations and spatial information to understand physical environments and predict how objects and people move over time.

The company believes these models are essential for creating robots capable of safely navigating complex surroundings.

While concerns persist about advanced AI becoming uncontrollable, Pathak said the greater short-term threat comes from criminals or extremist groups misusing publicly available AI tools for cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns or modifying commercial drones for attacks.

He believes scenarios involving AI independently rewriting its own objectives and improving itself remain several major technological breakthroughs away.

Beyond combat, Foundation sees immediate military uses for its humanoid robots in logistics, reconnaissance and building inspections. Those capabilities have already been evaluated in Ukraine, helping shape the development of the company’s next-generation Phantom 2 robot.

The upgraded model is designed for harsh outdoor conditions, offering waterproof and dustproof protection, an increased payload capacity of around 80 kilograms and greater resistance to impacts.

Foundation currently leases Phantom robots to commercial customers for about $100,000 annually per unit, while military buyers purchase the machines at similar prices. Its investors include Eric Trump, payment company Stripe and venture capital firm Define.