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Majority of Europeans Support Increased Defence Spending, but Doubt Autonomy from U.S., Survey Finds
A majority of Europeans support boosting national defence budgets, but remain sceptical about achieving independence from the United States on security matters within the next five years, according to a new survey released ahead of a key NATO summit.
The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) surveyed more than 16,000 people across 12 European countries, finding broad support for increased defence spending amid escalating global tensions and concerns about waning U.S. commitment to European security.
Clear majorities in countries such as Poland, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Estonia, and Portugal backed raising defence budgets. In several others — including France, Germany, Spain, and Romania — pluralities also favoured increased military spending. Italy was the only country where a majority (57%) opposed such increases.
However, when it comes to reducing reliance on U.S. military support, Europeans are far more cautious. Only in Denmark and Portugal did a majority of respondents express confidence that the EU could achieve strategic autonomy before the end of the decade. Most respondents in Poland, Estonia, and Spain believed that such independence would be either “very difficult” or “practically impossible” to achieve. Italian and Hungarian respondents were particularly doubtful, with over half in each country expressing strong scepticism.
Despite uncertainty over European self-reliance, the survey revealed a strong consensus on continued support for Ukraine. Majorities or pluralities in 11 out of the 12 countries surveyed rejected the idea of withdrawing military support, lifting sanctions against Russia, or pressuring Ukraine to surrender occupied territory — even if the U.S. shifts its stance.
The results come at a politically sensitive moment, as NATO leaders prepare to meet in The Hague this week. A major point of discussion will be a proposal to increase the alliance’s defence spending target. While former U.S. President Donald Trump has pushed for a dramatic rise to 5% of GDP, NATO members are currently considering a more modest increase to 3.5%, with an additional 1.5% dedicated to defence-related infrastructure, cybersecurity, and broader security initiatives.
Not all NATO members are aligned. Spain, in particular, has expressed reservations, with Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez warning that a 5% spending target would be “unreasonable” and “counterproductive,” potentially diverting resources from broader EU defence integration efforts.
Meanwhile, the EU is advancing its own plans to strengthen defence capabilities. A new initiative aims to mobilise €800 billion in defence investments over four years, partly by easing fiscal rules for member states and offering low-interest loans through a scheme known as SAFE.
Defence and strategic autonomy are also expected to feature prominently at the upcoming EU leaders’ summit in Brussels on Thursday.
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