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Egyptian Military Dominates Economy Through Household Brands and Industrial Ventures
The Egyptian military has a substantial presence in the country’s economy, controlling stakes in a wide range of household brands and industrial products. From pasta to petrol stations, military-run enterprises are deeply integrated into daily life, highlighting the army’s long-standing economic role.
Driving through Cairo, many businesses, including restaurants, hotels, and even construction materials, are clearly marked as military-owned. Locals commonly refer to them as “Huwa gaysh” — “That’s army.” Even the ingredients for Egypt’s national dish, koshary, often come from military factories. The dish recently earned recognition from UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage.
“What is extraordinary in Egypt is that a lot of these products made in military factories are sold in the general economy,” said Matteo Colombo, research fellow at the Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. “If you go to an Egyptian supermarket, you can easily find a bottle of water that is produced by the army.”
The International Monetary Fund has agreed to lend Egypt €6.8 billion to address economic challenges, but disbursements have been delayed, citing an economy “dominated by public-driven investments, an uneven playing field, and state-owned entities, including military ones.”
Egypt’s military involvement in the economy is not a recent development. It began under President Gamal Abdel Nasser in the 1950s and 1960s, when the army was used to centralize state control and ensure rapid response in times of crisis. His successor, Anwar el-Sadat, formalized the army’s role in civilian production by establishing the National Service Projects Organization in 1979, which oversaw military production of both civilian and defense goods.
“The military’s share of any market sector was small before 2011, but grew dramatically in ‘strategic’ sectors such as cement and steel, building on strong presidential support and the military’s political dominance,” said Yezid Sayigh, author of Owners of the Republic: An Anatomy of Egypt’s Military Economy. The 2011 revolution further accelerated the military’s economic expansion, giving it a direct role in policy-making and state investment strategy.
Since 2015, Egypt has faced severe economic pressures. Inflation peaked at 38 percent in September 2023 and slowed to 12.3 percent, while the Egyptian pound has depreciated sharply, dropping from 9 per euro in 2015 to over 55 today. Analysts suggest that military involvement may help stabilize prices for consumers, offering affordable products while fostering a sense of national pride.
However, experts caution that the army’s dominance creates an uneven market. “You run the risk that if you have a large military production, you have fewer possibilities for others,” Colombo said. Sayigh added that the army’s control diverts credit, dominates investment opportunities, and raises costs for private actors, limiting broader economic growth.
Despite the military’s extensive involvement, the exact scale of its economic holdings remains unclear. “People try to find out the percentage of the Egyptian economy that is controlled by the military. I think that’s the wrong question. No one knows. Not even they know,” said Khaled Fahmy, professor of Middle Eastern Studies at Tufts University.
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Chickenpox Outbreak Spreads Through Gaza Camps as Overcrowding and Vaccine Gaps Raise Alarm
A chickenpox outbreak is spreading rapidly through displacement camps in Gaza, with around 9,300 cases recorded across more than 130 health facilities in just two weeks.
Doctors and health workers say the actual number of infections is likely much higher because many patients are treated in tents or local clinics and never reach hospitals. The UN health cluster attributed the rise to severe overcrowding, high summer temperatures and worsening access to clean water.
More than half of the reported cases were recorded in Khan Younis governorate. Health teams also registered more than 18,000 new cases of infectious skin diseases across Gaza during the same week, including scabies, head lice and impetigo.
Isolation, which is recommended for children with chickenpox, is nearly impossible in many displacement camps. Families of six or more often live together in tents measuring only a few square metres, while in some locations multiple families share a single tent.
Hamada Abu Ghali, who is displaced in Nuseirat, said doctors told his daughter to stay apart from other family members after she was diagnosed with chickenpox. But the family had no space to follow the advice.
“Before the war we had a house and rooms, but today all of us are in one tent,” he said.
Ahmed Abu Hussein, displaced in Deir al-Balah, said children continued to play together because families could not keep them inside cramped shelters.
“We can’t control them or keep them inside the tent, so the infection ends up spreading to the whole family,” he said.
At Al-Rantisi Children’s Hospital, paediatric consultant Dr Sharif Mattar said official figures probably represented only a fraction of the outbreak. Many children are treated in displacement sites and primary healthcare centres, leaving their cases out of hospital statistics.
Nurse Sheimaa Hajji said health centres were seeing more children with widespread rashes. Treatment has largely focused on easing itching and preventing secondary bacterial infections, but supplies are running short.
The outbreak is being worsened by a vaccination crisis. Bassam Zaqout, director of Medical Relief in Gaza, said thousands of children born during the war had been unable to complete routine vaccination schedules. Restrictions on vaccine deliveries have also limited efforts to improve community protection.
Health officials have warned that chickenpox can pose additional risks to pregnant women, while maternity services in Gaza remain severely limited.
The World Health Organisation said the health system continues to operate with restricted capacity because of damaged facilities, shortages of medicines and a lack of medical staff.
UN field teams have also reported unsafe water supplies and sewage flowing around displacement sites.
The UN health cluster has increased the distribution of fever medicines, anti-itch treatments and antibiotics for bacterial complications. Health education teams have also been deployed.
Aid agencies warn that these efforts will not be enough without a major increase in medical supplies, clean water and hygiene materials reaching Gaza.
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