Health
Drug Repurposing in Cancer Treatment: Emerging Strategies and Promising Developments
Cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of death globally, with millions of new diagnoses each year. The conventional process of developing new cancer drugs is notoriously slow and costly, often requiring more than a decade and billions of dollars to reach patients. In response, drug repurposing, also called drug repositioning, has gained significant attention as a practical alternative. This strategy finds new anticancer applications for medications already approved for other medical conditions. Because these drugs have established safety records, known dosing guidelines, and existing production methods, repurposing can dramatically shorten development timelines and lower financial barriers compared with creating entirely new compounds. Organizations focused on innovative and integrative oncology approaches, such as Sanare Lab, offer valuable insights and resources for exploring experimental protocols in this rapidly evolving field.
One especially interesting avenue within drug repurposing is methylene blue cancer research. This compound, long used as a dye and as a treatment for methemoglobinemia, is now under investigation for possible anticancer effects. Researchers have examined methylene blue in photodynamic therapy, where it serves as a photosensitizer. When activated by specific wavelengths of light, it generates reactive oxygen species that can damage and kill cancer cells. Laboratory and animal studies have shown reductions in tumor volume in models of colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma, particularly when combined with other treatment approaches. These findings illustrate how a familiar, inexpensive compound might provide new ways to target resistant or difficult-to-treat tumors.
Why Drug Repurposing Matters in Oncology
The main advantage of repurposing lies in its efficiency. Traditional drug discovery begins with identifying a new molecule, followed by years of laboratory testing, animal studies, and multi-phase human trials to confirm both safety and effectiveness. Repurposed drugs skip much of this early work because regulators have already approved them for their original use. Investigators can therefore move more quickly to testing whether the drug works against cancer, often starting directly in mid- or late-stage clinical trials.
Cost is another critical factor. The failure rate in new oncology drug development frequently exceeds ninety percent, driving up expenses that are eventually reflected in treatment prices. Many repurposed candidates are off-patent generics, which means they can be produced and distributed at a fraction of the cost of branded medicines. With cancer rates expected to keep rising worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries, affordable options derived from existing drugs could help close gaps in access to effective care.
Well-Known Examples of Repurposed Drugs in Cancer
Drug repurposing already has several important successes in oncology. Thalidomide, originally marketed as a sedative and later withdrawn because of severe birth defects, was rediscovered in the late 1990s for multiple myeloma. Its ability to block new blood vessel formation in tumors made it a valuable addition to treatment regimens, and it remains widely used today, frequently combined with other agents.
All-trans retinoic acid, first studied for skin conditions, transformed outcomes in acute promyelocytic leukemia by prompting malignant cells to mature into normal ones. When paired with arsenic trioxide, another agent with a long history in traditional medicine, the combination now achieves very high remission rates in this once-deadly subtype of leukemia.
Metformin, the most commonly prescribed medication for type 2 diabetes, has attracted attention after population studies showed lower cancer rates among diabetic patients taking it. The drug appears to interfere with energy metabolism in cancer cells by activating a key regulatory pathway that slows uncontrolled growth. Multiple clinical trials have tested metformin as an add-on to standard chemotherapy or radiation in breast, prostate, colorectal, and other cancers, with some studies reporting improved survival or reduced recurrence.
Statins, best known for lowering cholesterol, have also been evaluated for anticancer effects. By blocking an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis, they disrupt signaling pathways that cancer cells use to grow and spread. Large observational studies have linked statin use to modestly reduced risk of certain cancers, and ongoing research continues to explore their role as adjunctive therapy.
Other candidates include antiparasitic agents such as mebendazole, which interfere with the structural framework cancer cells need to divide, and the anticonvulsant valproic acid, which modifies gene expression by inhibiting enzymes that control DNA packaging. Both have shown activity in laboratory models of colorectal, brain, and pancreatic cancers, and early human studies are underway.
Spotlight on Methylene Blue in Cancer Research
Returning to methylene blue, this compound continues to generate interest because of its diverse biological effects. Beyond its role in photodynamic therapy, methylene blue can influence cancer cell metabolism. Many tumors depend heavily on glycolysis for energy production even when oxygen is available, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. Methylene blue appears to disrupt this altered metabolism, potentially starving cancer cells of fuel. In preclinical models of ovarian cancer, particularly those resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy, methylene blue slowed tumor progression more effectively than standard drugs in some experiments.
When used in photodynamic therapy, methylene blue tends to concentrate in mitochondria, the energy-producing structures inside cells. Light exposure then triggers the release of damaging oxygen radicals, leading to cell death through apoptosis. Systematic reviews of animal studies have reported consistent tumor shrinkage across several cancer types, including breast carcinoma and skin melanoma, often with low toxicity at the doses tested.
Methylene blue may also improve tumor oxygenation, which could make radiotherapy more effective. Poorly oxygenated regions within solid tumors are notoriously resistant to radiation, so any agent that increases oxygen availability has therapeutic potential. In addition, surgeons sometimes use methylene blue injections to map sentinel lymph nodes during breast cancer operations, helping to identify the first nodes where cancer is most likely to spread.
Despite these encouraging signals, methylene blue remains experimental for most cancer applications. While side effects are generally mild at therapeutic doses, interactions with certain medications require careful monitoring. Large, well-controlled clinical trials are still needed to determine whether the promising laboratory and early human data translate into meaningful benefits for patients.
Remaining Challenges and the Path Forward
Drug repurposing is not without obstacles. Because many candidate drugs are generic, pharmaceutical companies have limited financial incentive to fund expensive trials for new indications. Regulatory agencies sometimes require nearly as much evidence for a repurposed use as for a completely novel drug, which can slow progress. Off-label prescribing also raises questions about informed consent and standardized protocols when robust data are lacking.
Collaborative efforts are helping to address these barriers. Networks of researchers, clinicians, and advocacy groups are systematically reviewing existing drugs for anticancer potential, prioritizing those with the strongest preclinical rationale, and pushing for well-designed trials. Advances in computational biology allow scientists to screen thousands of compounds against cancer-related targets much faster than before, narrowing the list of drugs worth testing in the laboratory or clinic.
Looking ahead, combination strategies are likely to dominate. Pairing repurposed agents with immunotherapy, targeted therapies, or conventional chemotherapy could produce synergistic effects greater than any single treatment alone. Personalized approaches that match specific drugs to the molecular features of an individual’s tumor will further refine their use.
In summary, drug repurposing offers a realistic and increasingly important strategy for improving cancer care. From established successes like thalidomide and metformin to emerging candidates such as methylene blue, the field demonstrates that familiar medicines can sometimes deliver unexpected benefits against one of medicine’s toughest challenges. Sustained investment in rigorous clinical research and broader collaboration will determine how much further this approach can take us toward more effective, accessible treatments for patients everywhere.
Health
One in Four Teenagers Worldwide Does No Weekly Exercise, Study Finds
Around 240 million adolescents worldwide did not take part in physical activity on any day of the week in 2025, with girls falling further behind boys, according to a major global study published in The Lancet Global Health.
The research found that teenagers averaged 2.7 active days per week, a figure that remained unchanged between 2010 and 2025. Only 14 per cent, or about one in seven adolescents, reported being active every day.
The study analysed 389 surveys covering 3.2 million young people aged 11 to 17 across 140 countries. The data represented approximately 59 per cent of the global adolescent population.
Researchers defined an active day as one on which a teenager completed at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. This follows the recommendation of the World Health Organization (WHO), which counts activity at school, during travel and in leisure time.
The findings raise concerns about progress towards the WHO’s target of reducing the proportion of adolescents who fail to achieve 60 minutes of daily activity by 15 per cent between 2010 and 2030. The researchers found that no country or region was currently on track to meet the goal.
A clear gender gap emerged from the data. Boys averaged three active days per week in 2025, compared with 2.4 days for girls. The difference widened as girls grew older, suggesting that existing opportunities and programmes were not reaching them equally.
Geographical differences were also substantial. Adolescents in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia, East Asia and the Pacific, and high-income Western countries averaged around four active days each week. In these regions, between 6.9 and 7.7 per cent of teenagers reported no physical activity at all.
In contrast, young people in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, Oceania, South and Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa averaged approximately two active days per week. The share reporting complete inactivity ranged from 22.7 to 33.1 per cent.
Finland, Canada and Serbia recorded the highest activity levels, with adolescents averaging between 4.5 and 4.8 active days weekly. Cambodia, Jordan and Madagascar were among the least active, averaging between 1.7 and 1.9 days.
The study’s authors linked these differences partly to structural conditions. Wealthier countries generally have more resources to support physical activity policies, provide public spaces and develop safe routes for walking and cycling.
The researchers said adolescence is an important period for establishing habits that influence health throughout adulthood. Regular exercise supports physical and mental wellbeing, but existing programmes are failing to reach large numbers of young people.
They called for stronger policies tailored to local conditions, with schools and neighbourhoods made more supportive of everyday activity. They also urged governments to address barriers affecting girls, including restrictive gender expectations, safety concerns and limited access to suitable sports and recreational activities.
Health
Health Groups Urge WHO to Tighten Drinking Water Nitrate Limits Over Cancer Risks
A coalition of 85 international health and environmental organisations has urged the World Health Organization (WHO) to revise its drinking water standards for nitrate, warning that exposure to levels below the existing limit may be associated with colorectal cancer and premature births.
In an open letter sent on Tuesday, the groups called on the United Nations health agency to include nitrate in its forthcoHealth Groups Urge WHO to Tighten Drinking Water Nitrate Limits Over Cancer Risks
ming review of drinking water guidelines. Signatories include Greenpeace International, the World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA) and the European Environmental Bureau.
The organisations argue that the WHO’s current nitrate limit is based on standards established decades ago and does not adequately reflect more recent scientific evidence about the potential effects of long-term exposure.
Nitrates and nitrites are naturally occurring compounds found in soil, water and food. However, human activities, including the use of agricultural fertilisers, manure runoff and poorly maintained septic systems, can increase nitrate concentrations in water supplies.
The current WHO guideline sets the maximum acceptable nitrate concentration at 50 milligrams per litre (mg/L), equivalent to 11.3 mg/L when measured as nitrate-nitrogen. The standard dates back to 1958 and was originally designed to prevent methaemoglobinaemia, commonly known as blue-baby syndrome. The condition reduces the blood’s ability to carry oxygen and can be fatal in infants.
The organisations say the existing threshold does not account for epidemiological research linking prolonged exposure to lower nitrate concentrations with other health risks, particularly bowel cancer and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
“Studies now link nitrate in drinking water, at levels well below the current WHO limit, to bowel cancer and premature birth,” said Pratyush Kumar, chair of WONCA, in a joint statement.
Amanda Larsson, Greenpeace’s global project lead for agriculture, said access to safe drinking water should be treated as a basic guarantee rather than a privilege.
The coalition also cited a report commissioned by the Danish government last year, which concluded that the existing international standard was insufficient to protect public health. The expert panel recommended reducing the nitrate limit to 6.0 mg/L.
Denmark has committed to adopting the lower threshold, although it has not announced a timetable for implementation. The organisations said this creates a growing difference between international guidance and national drinking water policies.
Most governments use WHO recommendations as the basis for their own drinking water standards, making changes to the agency’s guidelines important for wider regulatory reform, the letter said.
The appeal was issued on World One Health Day, which highlights the links between human, animal and environmental health.
The signatories also called on governments to reduce pollution from intensive livestock farming and support producers in adopting more environmentally sustainable agricultural practices.
They said stronger protections against nitrate contamination were needed to safeguard drinking water supplies and reduce potential health risks, particularly for children and pregnant women.
Health
Breast Cancer Screening Gaps Across Europe Leave Women Facing Unequal Access to Early Diagnosis
A breast biopsy can bring days of uncertainty, fear and difficult memories, particularly for women with a family history of cancer. For Euronews reporter Monica Pinna, a week-long wait for test results became a personal experience of the emotional strain involved in investigating a possible diagnosis, as well as the inequalities affecting breast cancer screening and care across Europe.
Pinna had delayed a routine breast examination for around two years before attending an appointment in France. Her mammogram appeared normal, but an ultrasound revealed a suspicious area that required a biopsy. She underwent the procedure two days later and waited seven days for the results.
During that period, she recalled relatives who had survived breast cancer and others who had died from the disease. Although the uncertainty disrupted her work and daily life, the doctor eventually confirmed that there was no cancer.
Her experience highlighted a wider problem: access to early detection and timely diagnosis varies considerably between European countries.
When breast cancer is detected before it spreads, five-year survival rates approach 100%, compared with 38% for women diagnosed at an advanced stage, according to figures cited in the report. The European Commission has allocated around €80 million through its Europe’s Beating Cancer Plan to strengthen screening, but access remains uneven.
Differences in screening arrangements, appointment availability, out-of-pocket costs and public awareness all affect women’s chances of receiving an early diagnosis. Research by the European Union and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has also identified social inequalities as a factor.
The time between screening and diagnosis varies across the continent. A study cited in the report found median waiting times ranging from eight days in Denmark to 32 days in Romania.
Maria Assunta, who lives in Sardinia, experienced a considerably longer process. At 46, a routine ultrasound identified a four-centimetre lump. She waited a month for a biopsy and another three weeks to receive her diagnosis. She is now in follow-up care, with examinations every six months, and describes the treatment she received as excellent.
Participation in organised screening programmes also remains inconsistent. In France, fewer than half of eligible women take part. Although screening rates increased in nine EU countries with available data compared with 2019, progress has stalled in many others.
Around 360,000 women in the EU are diagnosed with breast cancer each year, including approximately 61,000 in France. Estimates suggest that one in 11 women will develop the disease during their lifetime.
Access to psychological support is another concern. The OECD’s 2026 European Cancer Inequalities Report found that only 16 EU countries include psychological care in their cancer treatment pathways, alongside Norway and Iceland.
In Italy, a 2024 study of around 3,000 cancer patients found that only 20% had received psychological support. The Italian Federation of Voluntary Associations in Oncology estimates that specialised psycho-oncology services are available in only around 20% of hospitals.
Cancer survivors and medical volunteers have established initiatives to help address these gaps, offering activities such as yoga, Qigong and emotional support. However, provision remains limited and often depends on voluntary organisations.
Pinna’s experience ended with an all-clear, but she said it had changed her approach to screening. She hopes sharing her story will encourage women to attend regular examinations, while calling for faster diagnosis, wider access to treatment and psychological support across Europe.
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