Health
Cannabis and Cocaine Top Drug Use in the EU, but Other Substances Pose Rising Risks
Cannabis and cocaine remain the most commonly used drugs across the European Union, but other substances are emerging as significant public health threats, according to a joint report by the European Commission and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Nearly one in three Europeans have tried illegal drugs at some point in their lives. Regular drug use is linked to heightened risks of cardiovascular disease, mental health problems, accidents, and infectious diseases like HIV, particularly with injectable substances.
Cannabis and Cocaine Usage
Cannabis use is especially prevalent among young adults, with 15% reporting consumption in the past year. Among all age groups, the highest rates of cannabis use were found in the Czech Republic, Italy, France, and Spain. In contrast, Malta, Turkey, and Hungary reported the lowest rates.
Cocaine use is less common but remains significant, with 2.5% of young adults reporting use in the past year. The Netherlands, Spain, and Ireland report the highest rates of cocaine use, while Turkey, Portugal, Poland, and Hungary show the lowest prevalence.
Law Enforcement Impact
Strict drug penalties appear to have limited influence on drug availability for younger populations. “The major penalties impact only the people who use the substance once or fewer times in a year, so not the real [heavy] users,” explained Sabrina Molinaro, an epidemiologist and research director at Italy’s National Research Council.
Drug habits among youth often predict adult trends, Molinaro noted. Historically, boys were more likely than girls to use cannabis, but that gap has narrowed in recent years, with girls surpassing boys in some countries.
Growing Risks from Other Drugs
While cannabis and cocaine dominate drug use in the EU, substances like MDMA (ecstasy), heroin, opioids, psychedelics, and synthetic drugs are emerging as critical threats. Synthetic drugs, including lab-made cannabinoids and stimulants, pose unique challenges because they are difficult to identify and regulate quickly.
“They are so dangerous [because] you don’t know what you are taking,” said Molinaro, emphasizing the risks posed by low-quality manufacturing and potential contamination.
The EU dismantled hundreds of synthetic drug labs in 2022, and its early warning system identified seven new synthetic opioid substances in 2023, noted for their potency and health risks.
Public Health Concerns
Synthetic drugs, in particular, are a growing issue among adult populations, according to Molinaro. With the rise in new substances and increasing drug availability, experts are calling for more robust measures to address these evolving challenges.
The report underscores the need for comprehensive approaches to tackle drug use and its health implications across the EU, including better monitoring, education, and targeted interventions.
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